tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59600102359482583542024-03-19T12:23:08.285+01:00ManospondylusBi-monthly posts about paleontology-history and related topicsT.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.comBlogger69125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-66249174675397632832024-03-17T21:15:00.017+01:002024-03-18T14:55:42.176+01:00Paleopods: The Myth of the Predatory Prosauropods that kinda turned out to be true<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">“<i>The more carefully
they </i>[historians] <i>study, say,
Aristotelian physics, phlogistic chemistry, or caloric thermodynamics, the more
certain they feel that those once current views of nature were, as a whole,
neither less scientific nor more the product of human idiosyncrasy than those
current today. If these out-of-date beliefs are to be called myths, then myths
can be produced by the same sorts of methods and held for the same sorts of
reasons that now lead to scientific knowledge. If, on the other hand, they are
to be called science, then science has included bodies of belief quite
incompatible with the ones we hold today. Given these alternatives, the
historian must choose the latter. Out-of-date- theories are not in principle
unscientific because they have been discarded. That choice, however, makes it
difficult to see scientific development as a process of accretion.</i>”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">-Thomas Kuhn in <i>The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions</i></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRlcc5QUxlQrxMhALHy2J-0Rofbger3BWorKfUzbR98RV4aDUXfXfwml4agq4IcZ-Dp1GZKolFib8Q_0wQ4HrUGM7wBb1Xt7SH-fWuxxH2OpbrHRDJakYbPNQbJVgZ4QIQs4wNzpkkNqOKs-YLeWvgKmXFGwAPGCkqhGvd37d9Q_yvn1nXCc0MhqcTBPb_/s6610/Zanclodon%20aff2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3667" data-original-width="6610" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRlcc5QUxlQrxMhALHy2J-0Rofbger3BWorKfUzbR98RV4aDUXfXfwml4agq4IcZ-Dp1GZKolFib8Q_0wQ4HrUGM7wBb1Xt7SH-fWuxxH2OpbrHRDJakYbPNQbJVgZ4QIQs4wNzpkkNqOKs-YLeWvgKmXFGwAPGCkqhGvd37d9Q_yvn1nXCc0MhqcTBPb_/w640-h356/Zanclodon%20aff2.png" width="640" /></a></div></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Fig. 1: <i>Zanclodon</i>,
a taxon only known from teeth, deliberately mis-reconstructed by me as a
carnivorous prosauropod. I added horns because horns are cool.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Paleontology, by virtue of its nature, is a science that
deals with incomplete evidence and extrapolations based on those. This has sometimes
led to things one might call “phantom taxa”, whole groups or types of organisms
that were once thought to exist based on fragmentary evidence that then later
turned out to have been entirely man-made constructs. These are not the same as
a simple phylogenetic misinterpretations. For example, therizinosaur theropods used
to be called segnosaurs and were once interpreted by more than one researcher
as plateosaur-type sauropodomorphs that somehow survived into the Cretaceous. While
this turned out to be wrong, the underlying fossils still were those of a very
real group of saurischian dinosaurs that has simply changed position in that
family tree. In a different example, the mammal order Insectivora is now widely
recognized as an unnatural grouping, but all of its once-constituent clades,
such as shrews and golden moles, obviously still exist. A “phantom taxon” is
instead something that arises from much more fundamental mistakes in the
assessment of the fossil evidence at hand. One of the more dramatic examples in
recent years was the idea that Cretaceous Gondwana was once home to a group of
giant, late-surviving dicynodonts (conventionally thought to have gone extinct
at the end of the Triassic) that took up a similar ecological role as the
contemporary ceratopsian dinosaurs in Laurasia. This idea was based on fossils
from Australia interpreted as such (Thulborn & Turner 2003). While the idea
is, frankly, pretty awesome and the remains did indeed come from synapsids, a recent
reassessment found that the geological layer they were found in was not at all
Cretaceous in age but instead dated to the Pleistocene, the bones probably
coming from giant ice age marsupials similar to <i>Diprotodon</i> (Knutsen & Oerlemans 2020). With one fell swoop, a
whole potential taxon of Cretaceous dicynodonts has evaporated, reduced now to
a curious footnote in history. A related example is that some researchers of
the early twentieth century believed that non-avian theropods may have survived
some time into the Cenozoic of South America (Ameghino 1906), based on teeth
that later turned out to have belonged to sebecid crocodylomorphs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Today we take a look at just such a “phantom taxon”, but one
which has had a very long stay in mainstream publications and even influenced
earlier ideas of dinosaur taxonomy. This makes it all the more mysterious that
this taxon is today remembered by almost nobody but the most hardcore of
dino-nerds. I am talking about a group interchangeably called either
Palaeopoda/Paleopoda, Palaeosauria or Teratosauria. The idea of the paleopods
was that of large, carnivorous dinosaurs existing during the Triassic, which
were interpreted as either predatory off-shoots of the sauropodomorphs, direct
ancestors of Jurassic mega-theropods like <i>Megalosaurus
</i>and <i>Allosaurus </i>or even both!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Disclaimer: While it is technically an outdated term, for
this post I will still refer to all non-sauropod sauropodomorphs as
“prosauropods”, because it is simply quite useful. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Setting the stage: Early dinosaur classifications and the
prosauropods</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Prosauropods, especially the bipedal kind, are not just
underappreciated but also quite peculiar dinosaurs, in that they seem to
combine traits from all of the three major dinosaur groups. Combined with their
great age, they therefore play a crucial role in the wider-scale classification
of dinosaurs, one which was majorly coloured by the concept of the palaeosaurs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Prosauropods were known from the fossil record before the
word dinosaur even existed. Bones of classic <i>Plateosaurus </i><span>from
Heroldsberg </span>were already known in 1834 and described by Hermann von
Meyer in 1837, who classified it as some huge saurian. The small prosauropod <i>Thecodontosaurus</i>
was described one year earlier by Henry Riley and Samuel Stutchbury from rocks
of South England. Alongside <i>Thecodontosaurus
</i>they also described two species based solely off single teeth (probably
from phytosaurs): <i>Palaeosaurus platyodon </i>and
<i>Palaeosaurus cylindrodon</i>. Both genera
were interpreted by them as carnivorous squamates or, in other words, big
lizards.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The first attempt at naming that which we now consider
dinosaurs was made in 1932, before <i>Plateosaurus
</i>was known, when Hermann von Meyer united <i>Megalosaurus </i>and <i>Iguanodon </i>in
a group he called <b>Pachypoda</b> (Huxley 1870a), which, by law of precedence,
is what we technically should call dinosaurs, but has been largely forgotten.
When Richard Owen created the <b>Dinosauria</b> in 1842, none of the aforementioned
prosauropod taxa were included. The original genera that made up the Dinosauria
were only <a name="_Hlk161061256"><i>Megalosaurus</i>,
<i>Iguanodon </i>and <i>Hylaeosaurus</i></a>. <i>Plateosaurus
</i>was not mentioned, as Owen named the Dinosauria in a paper that only dealt
with British reptiles, while <i>Thecodontosaurus
</i>and <i>Palaeosaurus</i><span> were classified by Owen as just some
nondescript “thecodonts”</span>. In the same publication, Owen assigned body
fossils to <i>Palaeosaurus</i><span>, giving the tooth-taxon a body (which later
turned out to actually be just more <i>Thecodontosaurus </i>remains). With
this, Owen arguably began a long tradition of uniting the teeth of predatory
Triassic reptiles with the postcranial fossils of prosauropods. The exclusion
of prosauropods from the dinosaurs was</span>, from a certain point of view,
rectified in 1845, when Von Meyer expanded his Pachypoda to include <i>Megalosaurus</i>,
<i>Iguanodon</i>, <i>Hylaeosaurus</i> and <i>Plateosaurus</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp6vwLLqTwHAmE-BrpK5gdy2Chyphenhyphen_At1DuwhS09gFlYUyJABbM81iXWHM8EzPiK7AJkdGDDKcPQ7rqz9qqKLd-63ud1w8JEzNzlSdbHoJ-nKS6WwTHSvn9TW2qQ4IJAsamx02nxfhGFGB3JjdOs5lnMTyPA33yM6NOBVovnTynUrIocAl_sd-OmiPweNiib/s1200/Teratosaurus%20Art1.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="1200" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp6vwLLqTwHAmE-BrpK5gdy2Chyphenhyphen_At1DuwhS09gFlYUyJABbM81iXWHM8EzPiK7AJkdGDDKcPQ7rqz9qqKLd-63ud1w8JEzNzlSdbHoJ-nKS6WwTHSvn9TW2qQ4IJAsamx02nxfhGFGB3JjdOs5lnMTyPA33yM6NOBVovnTynUrIocAl_sd-OmiPweNiib/w640-h414/Teratosaurus%20Art1.webp" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Fig. 2: Depiction of <i>Teratosaurus
</i>(far left) as a carnosaur, from a 1972 children’s book.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In 1861 emerged another big player in this story, when Von
Meyer first described a toothed maxilla found in Stuttgart. Clearly coming from
a large, predatory reptile, Von Meyer considered it to be one of the
pachypodes, likely related to <i>Megalosaurus</i><span>, and named it <i>Teratosaurus suevicus</i></span>.
Many remains that had previously been referred by Theodor Plieninger to <i>Belodon </i>were considered to be referrable
or related to <i>Teratosaurus </i><span>instead</span>, <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2024/02/swiss-dinosaurs-everything-we-know-so.html">including
the Swiss prosauropod <i>Gresslyosaurus</i></a>
(Huxley 1870a).<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The first to propose an internal classification scheme for
the dinosaurs was Edward Drinker Cope in 1866 (later worked out in more detail
in 1883). According to Cope, Dinosauria consisted of the following groups:</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Orthopoda</b> (encompasses <i>Scelidosaurus</i>, <i>Hylaeosaurus</i>,
<i>Iguanodon</i> and <i>Hadrosaurus</i>)</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Goniopoda</b> (enc. <i>Megalosaurus</i>,
<i>Laelaps </i>[<i>Dryptosaurus</i>] and <i>Coelosaurus
</i>[indet. ornithomimid])</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Symphopoda </b>(named Hallopoda in 1883, enc. <i>Compsognathus </i>and <i>Ornithotarsus </i>[indet. hadrosaurid])</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">As you can see, prosauropods were not considered in this
classification, while true sauropods (later named Ophistocoela by Cope), still
called cetiosaurs, were thought to be more closely related to crocodilians, as
per Owen. In 1870, Thomas Henry Huxley criticized this scheme on the grounds
that the details of the ankle-bones that Cope used to distinguish orthopods
from goniopods were not sufficient. Huxley instead divided Dinosauria into
three families that clearly reflected Owen’s original definition: Megalosauridae,
Iguanodontidae and Scelidosauridae. <i>Compsognathus
</i>he found to be distinctive enough to be its own thing outside of dinosaurs
proper, but still closely related. The resulting new order of
Dinosauria+Compsognatha he christened <b>Ornithoscelida</b> (“bird-legs”). Huxley
is often stated to be the first to propose that the birds descend from
somewhere within this order, but it should be mentioned that Cope (1867) had
already observed the close relationship between birds and dinosaurs, which
Huxley (1870b) even utilized for his argument, feeling glad and reassured that
“<i>so able an anatomist as Prof. Cope should have been led by the force of
facts to arrive, simultaneously with myself, at conclusions so similar in their
general character with my own.</i>” (Huxley 1870b).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">What is fascinating is that, even if it does not look that
way, Huxley was acutely aware of Von Meyer’s Pachypoda. Consequently, prosauropods
and sauropods were included within Ornithoscelida, but split up and shoehorned into
the aforementioned dinosaur families (which I imagine opens up a whole can of
worms for the modern usage of that term as a hypothetical clade name for
Theropoda+Ornithischia). <i>Palaeosaurus </i>and
<i>Teratosaurus </i>were classified by him
within the Megalosauridae. <i>Thecodontosaurus
</i>was put in the <i>Scelidosauridae </i>and
<i>Cetiosaurus </i>in the Iguanodontidae
(that sauropods were long-necked quadrupeds <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/07/diplodocus-history-of-reconstructions.html">was
not yet known</a>). <i>Plateosaurus</i> was
included by Huxley in the Dinosauria in an earlier lecture, though without
being assigned to a family (Huxley 1870b). Based on his comments on two
skeletons found by Theodor Plieninger in Württemberg, it appears that he
considered these remains (which later turned out to be <i>Plateosaurus</i>) as the bodies that would have attached to the
carnivorous jaw of <i>Teratosaurus </i><span>(Huxley 1870a)</span>, thus again uniting
prosauropod bodies with jaws and teeth of a carnivorous Triassic reptile. This
extended to the two species of <i>Palaeosaurus</i><span>. The tooth of <i>P. platyodon </i>he
considered to simply belong to <i>Thecodontosaurus</i>, but he found a close
similarity between the tooth of <i>P. cylindrodon </i>and those of <i>Megalosaurus</i>,
hence why he placed the genus in the Megalosauridae (Huxley 1870a). Various
Triassic tooth-taxa, such as <i>Zanclodon </i>and <i>Cladyodon </i>were also
referred by Huxley to Megalosauridae.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Thus, we can
observe the emergence of two general developments by the 1870s. First, there is
the tendency to associate teeth of predatory Triassic reptiles with the bodies
of prosauropods. Second is the belief that megalosaur-type dinosaurs already
existed in the Triassic. Three further taxonomic revisions would cement these
ideas.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Marsh’s Theropoda vs. Von Huene’s Pachypodosauria</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In a series of memoirs dating from 1878 to 1884, Othniel
Charles Marsh offered a different model of dinosaur classification. These are
the names you are all familiar with:</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Stegosauria </b>(also
included other armoured dinosaurs like scelidosaurs)</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Ornithopoda</b></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Sauropoda </b></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Theropoda</b></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>“<i>These names
proposed by Marsh, rather than the names proposed by Cope, are still in use for
four of the six suborders of dinosaurs recognized today, a fact that must
disturb the unquiet spirit of Cope in its eternal sojourn beyond the far banks
of the Styx.</i>”, to quote the eloquent Edwin Colbert (1968, p. 98). Very
fascinating is what Marsh considered the Theropoda to include:</span></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Megalosauridae</b></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Compsognathidae</b></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Ornithomimidae</b></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Hallopodidae </b><span>(later turned out to be crocodylomorphs)</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Plateosauridae</b></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Anchisauridae</b></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Most surprising to
us today is that the typical prosauropods were here considered to be theropods.
Indeed, Marsh describes the North American <i>Anchisaurus</i> as an early
carnivore, based on the serrations of its teeth (Marsh 1896). Apparently
feeding on meat yet having small heads compared to later theropods, it became a
popular notion that these small prosauropods were scavengers of the Triassic
wastes (Norman 1985). This of course fit very well with the idea that there
were also larger carnivorous types, teratosaurs, running around during this
time, probably of the more active, predatory kind. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oIPL415Pza8J4nkW55Ny9bxIb7_v4q0Pmm7vtLGxmwXvdOBUglgBr4Z037DiFmS3sclru9SN4BJ9Moxzry9hh7w-mOx8HraVDCBvnCnxN3NmPrOU22rfEk0JVKkCSsgH0basXRYXyaJwVFkA57WaokyEO9LhQgPdhi4pdwjRmPcxjtxMKzDmo8FTUFia/s2496/Anchisaurus%20Smit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1575" data-original-width="2496" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oIPL415Pza8J4nkW55Ny9bxIb7_v4q0Pmm7vtLGxmwXvdOBUglgBr4Z037DiFmS3sclru9SN4BJ9Moxzry9hh7w-mOx8HraVDCBvnCnxN3NmPrOU22rfEk0JVKkCSsgH0basXRYXyaJwVFkA57WaokyEO9LhQgPdhi4pdwjRmPcxjtxMKzDmo8FTUFia/w640-h404/Anchisaurus%20Smit.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span><span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span>Fig. 3: The small
prosauropod <i>Anchisaurus</i>, depicted
here in 1910 by Joseph Smit as a carnivore preying on small mammals.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>In 1887/1888, Harry
Govier Seeley made a long-lasting choice: Based on the difference in the shape
of their pelvis, as well as the presence or absence of skeletal pneumaticity,
he recognized that Marsh’s Stegosauria and Ornithopoda were distinctly
different from Theropoda and Sauropoda and therefore had to be split apart from
them. The former two he thus grouped together in the Ornithischia (bird hips),
the latter two in the </span><b>Saurischia</b><span> (lizard hips), the two “grand clans” of
dinosaurs you are all familiar with. However, he found the differences between
the two to be so significant that he did not think they shared a close common
ancestor, instead having developed in parallel out of unrelated “thecodonts”.
This made Dinosauria a polyphyletic (unnatural) grouping and reduced it to
merely an informal term for big Mesozoic reptiles (which may have had an
influence on the misconception many laypeople still have that plesiosaurs,
pterosaurs and such are also dinosaurs). Though the word dinosaur remained
popular, its invalidity in academic circles proved to be tenacious. Until the
late 1970s one can still find educational books confidently stating that there
technically is no such thing as a dinosaur (McLoughlin 1979 for example). </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>What is significant
for what we are talking about today is that Seeley’s creation of Saurischia
moved the Theropoda and Sauropoda closer together. For some, the close
relationship seems to have blurred the lines. In 1914, Friedrich von Huene
split up the Saurischia into two groups that cut right across Marsh’s
Theropoda. One group consisted of Coelurosauria, which was not the same as the
Coelurosauria you are today familiar with (a specific clade of feathered
dinosaurs from the later Mesozoic, which includes <i>Velociraptor</i>, <i>T. rex </i>and
birds). Instead, Coelurosauria consisted of <i>all</i> the small bipedal
carnivorous dinosaurs and can be imagined as one big lineage starting in the
Triassic with forms like <i>Coelophysis </i><span>and ending in the Cretaceous with forms like
<i>Struthiomimus</i>. The other big group of Saurischia, which included the big
carnivores and the sauropods, was <b>Pachypodosauria</b>, probably named in
reference to Von Meyer’s Pachypoda. In a series of papers ranging from 1928 to
1956, Von Huene further subdivided Pachypodosauria into three major groups:
Marsh’s Sauropoda, the <b>Carnosauria </b>and the <b>Prosauropoda</b>.
Carnosauria consisted of <i>all </i>the big theropods, from <i>Megalosaurus </i>and
<i>Dilophosaurus </i>to <i>Tyrannosaurus</i>. As the carnosaurs were imagined
by him as more closely related to the prosauropods than to the coelurosaurs, it
must have been no wonder that genera like <i>Teratosaurus </i>and <i>Palaeosaurus</i>,
who appeared to have plateosaur-like bodies combined with megalosaur-like
teeth, seemed to him like perfect transitional forms. This was further aided by
the fact that Von Huene assigned additional bone material to both <i>Teratosaurus
</i>and <i>Palaeosaurus</i></span>, even erecting new species inside them with <i>T. minor</i> and <i>P. <span>diagnostica</span></i>.
These new species later turned out to actually be based on the bones of
prosauropod <i>Efraasia </i>(Galton 1984).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnRmKDo7su0st_26FtkIvQ1y9px2I9ZcZI0UUShEe9b4kPKlnu9GEnnRIbdWsDIjQrl3V-0D7ScZlklZaY8RnrQX9LzdQHe20ERsMSce8h-SwAdgkPeroFrVh4CuFF5IjXvrDPt7gVYlCExEHcO3GC9HsQku8EUxu8GatbmgUSux6ZhnSYtVcuDfMxBGj/s900/Thecodontosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="630" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnRmKDo7su0st_26FtkIvQ1y9px2I9ZcZI0UUShEe9b4kPKlnu9GEnnRIbdWsDIjQrl3V-0D7ScZlklZaY8RnrQX9LzdQHe20ERsMSce8h-SwAdgkPeroFrVh4CuFF5IjXvrDPt7gVYlCExEHcO3GC9HsQku8EUxu8GatbmgUSux6ZhnSYtVcuDfMxBGj/w448-h640/Thecodontosaurus.jpg" width="448" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span><span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span>Fig. 4: <i>Thecodontosaurus</i><span>, depicted here as an omnivore scavenging
carcasses, from a 1978 children’s book.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Von Huene’s split of Saurischia into Coelurosauria and Pachypodosauria
was not accepted by most workers, but it did leave an impact. In his papers and
textbooks from the 50s, famous vertebrate paleontologist Alfred Sherwood Romer
maintained the more conservative subdivision of Saurischia into Marsh’s
Theropoda and Sauropoda, however, he subdivided Theropoda into the groups
created by Von Huene:</span></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span>Coelurosauria</span></b><span></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span>Carnosauria</span></b><span></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span>Prosauropoda</span></b><span></span></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>And this was largely followed by most researchers the following
decades. The subdivision of the theropods into a uniform “big” and a uniform
“small” group brought with it quite some implications. It meant that one group
never arose from the other and that they instead only share a common ancestor.
Since coelurosaurs were already present in the Triassic with forms like <i>Coelophysis</i>,
it meant the split must have happened earlier and that carnosaurs like <i>Megalosaurus
</i></span><span>and <span>must have also had Triassic ancestors that resembled them. Thus was
born the myth of <i>Teratosaurus </i>as the first carnosaur, which menaced the
Triassic fabrosaurs and plateosaurs much like its later descendant <i>T. rex</i>
would do with the herbivores of its time.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Divorcing the Carnosauria from the Palaeopoda</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In 1964, Edwin Colbert began to doubt this standard model. Taking
a close look again at the pelves, like Seeley had done, he recognized that
Saurischia could be broadly divided into two main groups: Those who are
brachyiliac (they have a short ilium) and those who are dolichoiliac (they have
a long ilium). Dolichoiliac saurischians, like the coeulurosaurs, evolved this
adaptation because they permanently stood on only two legs, like birds.
Brachyiliac saurischians (prosauropods and sauropods) have a shorter ilium
because they are less well adapted towards bipedalism and instead walked, at
least on occasion, on all fours. Colbert’s observation was furthermore that the
Triassic “carnosaurs” were brachyiliac, while the Jurassic and Cretaceous ones
were dolichoiliac like the coelurosaurs. This led him to conclude:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“<i>It is herein proposed that the name “Carnosauria” be
restricted to these large Jurassic and Cretaceous carnivores of coelurosaurian
origin, and that the large carnivorous dinosaurs of the Triassic be recognized
for what they are, namely, an antecedent and independent adaptation for a
predatory mode of life among the brachyiliac group of saurischians. These
dinosaurs might very logically be designated as <b>Palaeosauria</b>, to
distinguish them from their brachyiliac relatives, the prosauropods or
plateosaurs.</i>” (Colbert 1964, p. 18, emphasis mine).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Palaeosauria, along with Plateosauria, became an infraorder
inside a new suborder which Colbert named <b>Palaeopoda</b>.
Within Palaeosauria he included the families Palaeosauridae, Teratosauridae
and, interestingly, also Ammosauridae (another name for Anchisauridae).
Probably following Marsh’s original suggestion of <i>Anchisaurus </i>as a scavenger, the “palaeosaur-lore” therefore
expanded to include these prosauropods as a the palaeosaur’s very own radiation
of smaller carnivores. Colbert’s vision of the saurischian family tree looked
as follows:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbWfbDDwMyNgxLP0uK3-d7Q_qC5Ig7Wbv579Cjh1zJhY4kcqIJDKB7C4xxzKGT8tSk69kYtyHNKiRMJ3Iw23nzsakV5ODrzGLNadH9Tx1tJdpQUgXR53mI9HPzNP9cD424i1H6YmSht0sprLAOU7eVmxYXccILVkp128Bi3KtNzd5bxJpZ__2kJNNBEGJF/s696/Colbert%20Saurischia.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="696" height="603" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbWfbDDwMyNgxLP0uK3-d7Q_qC5Ig7Wbv579Cjh1zJhY4kcqIJDKB7C4xxzKGT8tSk69kYtyHNKiRMJ3Iw23nzsakV5ODrzGLNadH9Tx1tJdpQUgXR53mI9HPzNP9cD424i1H6YmSht0sprLAOU7eVmxYXccILVkp128Bi3KtNzd5bxJpZ__2kJNNBEGJF/w640-h603/Colbert%20Saurischia.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Fig. 5: Colbert’s family tree of the Saurischia. As you can
see, all the branches sandwiched between Melanorosauridae and Podokesauridae are
considered Palaeopoda, with Palaeosauria being that group’s carnivorous branch.
In 1970, Colbert would rename Palaeosauria into Teratosauria. Interestingly,
Colbert thought (adhering to Seeley’s idea of dinosaur polyphyly) that the
saurischians descended from pseudosuchians like the ornithosuchids and
erpetosuchids.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Colbert also provides us with a reason for why these
carnivorous prosauropods did not make it past the Triassic:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“<i>The palaeosaurs were, by the nature of their skeletons
more “clumsy” than were the carnosaurs, and probably were ill fitted for
survival in a changing world. There is no record in the rock sequence that
shows any contemporaneous existence of palaeosaurs and carnosaurs, for which
reason, among others, it has been supposed that the one group was ancestral to
the other. It seems more logical, however, in view of the structural
resemblances of the palaeosaurs to the prosauropods and of the carnosaurs to
the coelurosaurs, to regard the large Jurassic carnivores as replacements of
and not as descendants from the palaeosaurs, as has been argued. Thus the
palaeosaurs, the large carnivorous dinosaurs of the Triassic period, seem to
take their place in reptilian history as a brief and sterile experiment in
adaptation for predation. They were successful for a time, but, as reptilian
life became more complex during the transition from the Triassic to the
Jurassic (very significant changes were involved during this crucial aspect of
tetrapod evolutionary history), it appears that the palaeosaurs could no longer
hold their own, and they disappeared, while their place and their functions in
the ecology of those distant times were taken over by the better adapted
carnosaurs.</i>” (Colbert 1964, p. 19).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">While the idea that the “carnosaurian” theropods were really
just overgrown versions of the “coelurosaurian” theropods would eventually
catch on and be proven right from a certain point of view, the concept of the
palaeosaurs as a dead-end of predatory prosauropods has seen remarkably little
reception, especially when it comes to paleoart. All the way into the 80s, most
textbooks and children’s books went with the more Romerian standard model of
carnosaurs already existing as their own theropod group in the Triassic. Thus,
the overwhelming amount of depictions of <i>Teratosaurus
</i>still showed it as just some stockier, more archaic version of Neave
Parker’s <i>Megalosaurus</i>. Finding any
art that actually shows <i>Teratosaurus </i>or
<i>Palaeosaurus </i>as Colbertian palaeopods
has been remarkably difficult. This might have been because, also in 1964,
Alick Walker observed that none of the alleged palaeosaur skull material could
be definitely linked to the assigned postcranial remains and therefore the
latter should be considered to come from more ordinary prosauropods. This left
only the Ammosauridae standing inside Colbert’s Palaeosauria. While prescient
in that regard, in the same paper, Walker interestingly also considered the
fairly complete croc-line archosaur <i>Ornithosuchus
</i>to be an early carnosaur, alongside <i>Teratosaurus </i><span>and <i>Sinosaurus</i></span>, thus giving
new strength to the idea of Triassic carnosaurs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The complicated death-throes of Palaeosauria</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGTtA2JHQSk46JqDYUiJDcpESjbCVxO_qRbga9y7zHIoHxF2kNN-AgoSOJNWMvLDcvpl6gCO4zmJhW973f9oZP0KNoQt9ziWuNZIFcN5uP5OAiyOMZf9pHv1XyUbIacbPmwuqfqPceF4PiHGr6qe_Ce-KOTEGU9JVv-T46A_JImH0Nuf4WkLfWbLWIAp6I/s1200/Torvosaurus%20skeleton.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGTtA2JHQSk46JqDYUiJDcpESjbCVxO_qRbga9y7zHIoHxF2kNN-AgoSOJNWMvLDcvpl6gCO4zmJhW973f9oZP0KNoQt9ziWuNZIFcN5uP5OAiyOMZf9pHv1XyUbIacbPmwuqfqPceF4PiHGr6qe_Ce-KOTEGU9JVv-T46A_JImH0Nuf4WkLfWbLWIAp6I/w640-h426/Torvosaurus%20skeleton.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Fig. 6: <i>Torvosaurus
tanneri</i>, apparently once considered as a transitional form between
prosauropods and megalosaurs. Sure, why not?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The concept of palaeopods and Triassic carnosaurs proved to
be surprisingly tenacious, even through the Dinosaur Renaissance of the 70s. Indeed,
the 1979 description of the Jurassic giant megalosaur <i>Torvosaurus tanneri</i> from the famous Morrison Formation seems to
have actually tried to revive Von Huene’s idea of the Pachypodosauria. Peter
Galton and James Jensen’s original paper reads:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“<i>In </i>Torvosaurus <i>the ilium is dolichoiliac<span>, but the pubis and ischium are brachyiliac.
This is the first demonstration of this combination in a carnosaurian theropod
from the Upper Jurassic. Bonaparte (1969, p. 480) noted that “the evidence for
linking the Carnosauria with the Coelurosauria (Colbert 1964; Charig and other
1964) is as ambiguous as that linking that linking the Carnosauria with the
Prosauropoda (Huene 1956; Romer 1956).” It should be noted that the division of
the Theropoda into the Coelurosauria and Carnosauria may be artificial (Ostrom
1969, 1978) because Upper Jurassic theropod </span></i><span>Compsognathus <i>(family Compsognathidae) is very small, yet it has
many carnosaurlike characters (Ostrom 1978), and the Cretaceous family
Dromaeosauridae show a combination of coelurosaurian and carnosaurian
characters (Ostrom 1969). Colbert and Russell (1969) erected a third theropod
infraorder, the Deinonychosauria, for the last family that probably originated
from a line close to the Upper Jurassic coelurid </i>Ornitholestes <i>(Ostrom
1969<b>). We suggest that the anatomy of the pubis and ischium of </b></i><b>Torvosaurus
<i>strengthens the case for regarding the Jurassic Megalosauridae (and the
Carnosauria if this is a natural group) as descendants of the Prosauropoda
rather than of another theropod currently included in the Coelurosauria</i></b><i>.
It should be noted that the form of the humerus and phalanx 1 of digit 1 of the
manus of </i>Torvosaurus <i>is more similar to those of prosauropods than those
of coelurosaurs</i>.” (Galton & Jensen 1979, emphasis mine).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMtqwzsb7RLTyeUj8egOrUp3ypEzJQLp7AB9ly3ib0kI8ZQ4kbDOFX34y2VT7WD0ONaQY5Yb9zs9F8VyJmju8kZeYfhd54irzj_XI20g8ALzFDUl8fuHabESGKdW5xgAvI7HeXQPJx3eAQX4ImkdGhpPgv833_Bq0c333E5AwwkdSjTupazRmnB8JodJgY/s6871/McLoughlin%20Teratosaurus.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4816" data-original-width="6871" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMtqwzsb7RLTyeUj8egOrUp3ypEzJQLp7AB9ly3ib0kI8ZQ4kbDOFX34y2VT7WD0ONaQY5Yb9zs9F8VyJmju8kZeYfhd54irzj_XI20g8ALzFDUl8fuHabESGKdW5xgAvI7HeXQPJx3eAQX4ImkdGhpPgv833_Bq0c333E5AwwkdSjTupazRmnB8JodJgY/w640-h448/McLoughlin%20Teratosaurus.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span>Fig. 7: John McLoughlin’s
depiction of <i>Teratosaurus</i>, again as a carnosaur, from his infamous 1979
book <i>Archosauria</i>. It stands out for its quite weird head.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Until 1985 one could also still find books which depicted <i>Teratosaurus </i><span>and </span><i>Ornithosuchus</i><span> </span>as the first carnosaurian dinosaurs.
But the cracks already started to show in 1984, when Peter Galton showed that
the maxilla bone of <i>Teratosaurus suevicus
</i>was not even from a dinosaur, but a rauisuchid, a type of archosaur more
closely related to crocodilians. The other bones assigned to it came from
unassociated prosauropods that were probably of the type <i>Plateosaurus </i>or <i>Efraasia</i>.
One year later, Michael Benton came to the same conclusion in an independent
study. In said paper, he also takes a look at the other supposed carnosaurs:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“<i>The genera other than </i>Teratosaurus<i> that have been
called middle to late Triassic or early Jurassic carnosaurs include such forms
as </i>Palaeosaurus<i> and </i>Cladeiodon<i> from England, </i>Palaeosaurus<i>,
</i>Zanclodon<i>, and </i>Gresslyosaurus<i> from Germany, </i>Orosaurus<i>, </i>Aetonyx<i>,
and </i>Gryponyx<i> from South Africa, </i>Zatomus<i> from North America, and </i>Sinosaurus<i>
from China (Romer 1956). The type specimens of </i>Palaeosaurus<i> and </i>Cladeiodon<i>
from England, and </i>Zatomus<i>, are teeth and, as such, they cannot be
assigned with certainty to a particular group of dinosaurs or thecodontians: they
are effectively indeterminate (Charig et cd. 1965). </i>Palaeosaurus<i> from
Germany is an anchisaurid prosauropod renamed </i>Efraasia<i> (Galton 1973).
The type specimens of the several species of </i>Zanclodon<i> are teeth, again
indeterminate. </i>Gresslyosaurus<i> is a large prosauropod dinosaur, and </i>Orosaurus<i>
has been synonymized with the large prosauropod </i>Euskelosaurus<i> (Van
Heerden 1979). </i>Aetonyx<i> and </i>Gryponyx<i> are also prosauropod
dinosaurs, probably identical to </i>Massospondylus<i> (Galton and Cluver
1976). </i>Sinosaurus<i> was based on a maxilla with teeth (dinosaur or
thecodontian?) and postcranial remains very like those of a melanorosaurid
prosauropod (Charig et al. 1965</i>) [Today, after an additional, more complete
specimen was found, <i>Sinosaurus </i>is
considered to have been a dilophosaur-like theropod].<b> <i>This leaves no
convincing evidence of large carnivorous dinosaurs in the Triassic.</i></b>”
(Benton 1985, emphasis mine)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Furthermore, several experts were now coming to the
conclusion that that <i>Anchisaurus </i>and
relatives were clear herbivores (Norman 1985). This debunked the final vestiges
of the Palaeosauria. While some papers (namely Kurzanov 1989) were still citing
the original placement of <i>Torvosaurus </i>as
a transitional form between prosauropods and megalosaurs, the idea received
little further attention and eventually went extinct. It was replaced by the
realisation that there never were large, predatory dinosaurs during the
Triassic, only herbivores and small carnivores. The ecological role that would
later be taken up by the “carnosaurs” was instead occupied by various lineages
of pseudosuchians, crocodile-relatives such as the rauisuchids and poposaurids.
Only after their extinction at the beginning of the Jurassic were the small
theropods even able to grow in size and become formidable predators themselves.
Though, based on this, the idea of Triassic carnosaurs was revived one last
time in 1985 when Sankar Chatterjee suggested that exactly these pseudosuchians,
namely <i>Postosuchus</i><span>,</span> were the ancestors of Carnosauria,
making Dinosauria polyphyletic (which was already anachronistic at the time).
But, for obvious reasons, we should leave it at that.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIzWpy6trGmppNZ20eUw4NZvWHZKIGJD_yimt-pJiA87n9RmGW6-7zpkmkUOnwJdgfTwRYm2GM1PbRpULUL6RRhv5wwBnd3wwNEXVuTvBUbW1ZReAfv5o7ym3hb66sogZPpQYrgzLjiKnbtYqe_XkvbpylIYfBSnV3TrWQWFzj2VpFftBApoz9HIwSGyp-/s1443/Zallinger%20Teratosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1443" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIzWpy6trGmppNZ20eUw4NZvWHZKIGJD_yimt-pJiA87n9RmGW6-7zpkmkUOnwJdgfTwRYm2GM1PbRpULUL6RRhv5wwBnd3wwNEXVuTvBUbW1ZReAfv5o7ym3hb66sogZPpQYrgzLjiKnbtYqe_XkvbpylIYfBSnV3TrWQWFzj2VpFftBApoz9HIwSGyp-/w640-h400/Zallinger%20Teratosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Fig. 8: Peter Zallinger’s depiction of <i>Teratosaurus </i>from his book <i>Dinosaurs
and Other Archosaurs</i>. Being released in 1986, this likely makes it the last
major work to depict <i>Teratosaurus </i>as
a dinosaur. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Possibly the last mention of Palaeopoda in a major
publication was Gregory S. Paul’s <i>Predatory
Dinosaurs of the World</i>, which succinctly reiterates the whole story so far:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“<i>But closer investigation invariably shows that these are
the skeletons of herbivorous prosauropod dinosaurs, mixed in with the teeth and
skull parts of predatory thecodonts or dinosaurs. What often happened is that
predatory thecodonts or dinosaurs shed some of their teeth while they were
killing or feeding on a herbivore. Or, in the case of </i><span>Teratosaurus<i>, the skull bones turned out
to be those of a big rauisuchid thecodont. Never has a predatory skull actually
been found attached to a prosauropod neck, nor will one ever be since a bulky
herbivore’s body is wholly unsuitable for a hunter. The worst of these mix-ups
are claims that some of the early giant brontosaurs had predatory heads. The
supposed “predatory prosauropods” were often called paleopods, but since they
never really existed the title is best dropped.” </i></span>(Paul 1988, p. 237
- 238)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ironically, this section is then followed by Paul’s markedly
aged claim that the segnosaurs (therizinosaurs if you remember) should not be
counted among the theropods but instead were descendants of the prosauropods,
but well, that is the nature of science. I was intrigued by the mention of
there having been proposals of sauropods proper having carnivorous heads. I
actually emailed Paul, asking what he was referring to there at the time. He
kindly replied. Apparently when Early Jurassic sauropod <i>Vulcanodon </i>was first found, it was associated with blade-shaped
teeth, which caused it to originally be classified as a prosauropod. Said teeth
later turned out to have come from a theropod that was scavenging on the
carcass, a tale as old as time as we have now seen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>But wait, weren’t there actual predatory prosauropods?</b></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrvqX9xfzuSIONXMy6tfuumMNgIlG9JhZYub5p574_WlnizEumuFGzWHzINFTWUVZBsoaUzq8yoW1LqEEud8-cIlOuUzVgEvlLxkhK-v4p-2mxmRRv0aVczKkNJr-83t_hnbusr2YfoqgV34OrL_EXi5Fox51g25olO__tiaLh8BbfMDasAXOdmvmAf8B/s4134/Panphagia.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1103" data-original-width="4134" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrvqX9xfzuSIONXMy6tfuumMNgIlG9JhZYub5p574_WlnizEumuFGzWHzINFTWUVZBsoaUzq8yoW1LqEEud8-cIlOuUzVgEvlLxkhK-v4p-2mxmRRv0aVczKkNJr-83t_hnbusr2YfoqgV34OrL_EXi5Fox51g25olO__tiaLh8BbfMDasAXOdmvmAf8B/w640-h170/Panphagia.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Fig. 9: <i>Panphagia
protos</i>, an early sauropodomorph with carnivorous traits, albeit a quite tiny one.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">… is the question you may be asking yourself at this point.
And indeed, you would be right. As it turns out, there <i>were</i> carnivorous
sauropodomorphs after all. Many of the basalmost prosauropods that have been
discovered since the 90s, namely <i>Panphagia</i>,
<i>Buriolestes</i>, <i>Saturnalia</i>, <i>Pampadromaeus </i>and
<i>Eoraptor </i>clearly have teeth adapted
towards a carnivorous or at least omnivorous diet. Indeed, they look so much
like early theropods that this was what <i>Eoraptor
</i>was originally classified as. These being some of the earliest-diverging
sauropodomorphs interestingly also puts them on roughly the same position on
the family tree as Colbert’s original Palaeosauria (though the these genera do
not actually form a monophyletic clade). But these were all pretty tiny
animals, even smaller than <i>Anchisaurus</i>, not exactly comparable to the original vision of palaeosaurs as macropredators.
Indeed, it appears that the early carnivorous sauropodopmorphs were probably
not capable of competing with the pseudosuchians and first theropods for
predatory niches, which is why they tended to evolve more and more towards a
herbivorous diet. Though some of their descendants may still have been
partially omnivorous, as the teeth of <i>Plateosaurus
</i>have been interpreted by some researchers as resembling those of modern
omnivorous lizards.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL0j0sKOEWEJChJHzG-4fzmwfRoaYnZfIC-su1mO9fZgz2YebMv7oKCwqlasz-7kKqWJPMBSrGWvSqtGa_yJxCEWmMCoZfsbtO-0Egj7p-L8FDuCFDS97LMbdOsKWTcXFksWOf1hxGc-fgm1yK0lSuUxgo8CK5eV4lQc4iZLJeQ2g6gMbLCQPB6FSRRdc0/s612/Hallett%20Staurikosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="427" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL0j0sKOEWEJChJHzG-4fzmwfRoaYnZfIC-su1mO9fZgz2YebMv7oKCwqlasz-7kKqWJPMBSrGWvSqtGa_yJxCEWmMCoZfsbtO-0Egj7p-L8FDuCFDS97LMbdOsKWTcXFksWOf1hxGc-fgm1yK0lSuUxgo8CK5eV4lQc4iZLJeQ2g6gMbLCQPB6FSRRdc0/w446-h640/Hallett%20Staurikosaurus.jpg" width="446" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Fig. 10: <i>Staurikosaurus</i><span>, a small herrerasaur, drawn here by Mark
Hallett. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Where things get really funky is Herrerasauria. Why? While
most people may know <i>Herrerasaurus</i>
and <i>Staurikosaurus </i>as archaic
theropods, various researchers of the 60s and 70s (Rozhdestvensky &
Tatarinov 1964; Van Heerden 1978) actually classified them as examples of
predatory sauropodomorphs. Edwin Colbert (1970) in fact classified all of them
within the Teratosauria, making them a firm part of the “palaeosaur-lore”,
indeed the only part that is not based on chimaeras or misidentified herbivores.
This history has largely been forgotten, because, like I mentioned, most later
paleontologists considered them to have obviously been early theropods. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, with the discovery of even more herrerasaurians,
most cladistic analyses over the past few years have actually recovered a far
more interesting place for them on the family tree. While indeed predatory
dinosaurs (and not pseudosuchians like some have proposed), they seem to have
been <i>outside </i>Theropoda, instead being
their very own group of early saurischians (Novas et al. 2021). The notorious
Ornithoscelida-paper (Baron et al. 2017) even recovers them as the sister-group
of the Sauropodomorpha, putting them again suspiciously close to the vacant
spot left behind by Colbert’s debunked Palaeosauria/Teratosauria. And unlike
the true carnivorous prosauropods, herrerasaurs could actually grow
considerably big. One of the largest found specimens of <i>Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis </i>may have come from an individual
that was an impressive 6 metres in length (Sereno & Novas 1992). Indeed,
until the late 2000s, there even existed the belief that the Triassic had
giant, allosaur-sized herrerasaurs in the form of South African <i>Aliwalia rex</i><span>, but those bones later turned out to have actually come from herbivorous prosauropod <i>Eucnemesaurus</i> (Yates 2007), which ironically had also once
been part of the “palaeosaur-lore”.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzl6gGPq8oEIBIr-hSExKe8_JMJ5_5H29sGlq4Ojiyco8kFQZ0LlDYiCQi8ElBiTKr4IwH1Gy2eri95XRI758GzBkQcqB0AYV6ZqSGtg3__T-5U4dlgc4G6Vc0WxdPqb_nN1NYX3QK0SQcvRqwyURG5nPhnmyS7gPoHdGpPgU42JTGefEajAjHYD3K6LiS/s4288/herrerasaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2848" data-original-width="4288" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzl6gGPq8oEIBIr-hSExKe8_JMJ5_5H29sGlq4Ojiyco8kFQZ0LlDYiCQi8ElBiTKr4IwH1Gy2eri95XRI758GzBkQcqB0AYV6ZqSGtg3__T-5U4dlgc4G6Vc0WxdPqb_nN1NYX3QK0SQcvRqwyURG5nPhnmyS7gPoHdGpPgU42JTGefEajAjHYD3K6LiS/w640-h426/herrerasaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span>Fig. 11: <i>Herrerasaurus
ischigualastensis</i>, a (for its time) quite impressive and formidable
carnivore. Might it have been a true palaeosaur?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>So, in conclusion,
does Palaeosauria live on through the Herrerasauria? Well, obviously not in the
strictest sense, as herrerasaurs were not actually sauropodomorphs… though
Thomas R. Holtz (2017) has actually proposed that, if Baron et al.’s
classification were true, Sauropodomorpha should be redefined to include
herrerasaurs (basically being defined as everything more closely related to <i>Diplodocus </i>than to theropods) </span><i>or</i><span> that their “new” Saurischia clade should be
named after Von Huene’s Pachypodosauria. Ignoring Holtz and the
Ornithoscelida-hypothesis, herrerasaurs and the concept of the palaeosaurs
still overlap with each other in the sense that the former were once considered
part of the latter and indeed represent an independent radiation of
macropredatory dinosaurs outside of Theropoda. At least it seems that way at
this point in time. With my luck, a brand-new study will probably be released
tomorrow that overturns everything I just wrote. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><b>One last thing...</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Believe it or not, palaeosaurs may have made at least one movie appearance. In 1959 there released the British-American monster movie <i>The Mighty Behemoth</i>. It is, essentially, a copycat of <i>The Beast from 20'000 Fathoms</i>, which itself was an adaptation of the Ray Bradbury novel <i>The Fog Horn</i>. Both movies were even made by the same director, Eugène Lourié. Whereas the monster in <i>Fathoms</i> is a fictional species, "Rhedosaurus", the titular <i>Behemoth </i>is classifed by a scientist in the film as a <i>Paleosaurus</i> which at one point was an alternate name for <i>Palaeosaurus</i>. It is a quadrupedal carnivore with a long neck. This may indeed be a genuine attempt at portraying a predatory sauropodomorph, though this could also be a coincidence, the monster obviously being a stand-in for the also quadrupedal Rhedosaurus. Given that the dinosaur is also marine, electric and radiation-filled, I do not think any attempt was made to adhere to current science and the name could just be a coincidence. <a href="https://youtu.be/1r_ngnQfwzM?si=HllkbJkeI2wA49_g">The stop-motion</a> was done by Willis O'Brien though, so that is always a plus, even if he apparently did it with a limited time and budget. It was one of the last movies he worked on.<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis0odhTIZIKTwQBmV8vYQXFfI8z3AWjcZqXaet2DOIy1iJnb5JZvRZ-jv_YdTCHJNZZzxEOGEwJuroLLxrrulTNyvrAmTo3v3_VQiZ3ULRjgi0M4ojWFrauOQXT2mo9ZijxV-1zZuHKFyJzdeC5GDdkDFCkwMuamXGetpaE7GJVB-dRQVBdJyirrRRfx4L/s1200/The%20Giant%20Behemoth.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis0odhTIZIKTwQBmV8vYQXFfI8z3AWjcZqXaet2DOIy1iJnb5JZvRZ-jv_YdTCHJNZZzxEOGEwJuroLLxrrulTNyvrAmTo3v3_VQiZ3ULRjgi0M4ojWFrauOQXT2mo9ZijxV-1zZuHKFyJzdeC5GDdkDFCkwMuamXGetpaE7GJVB-dRQVBdJyirrRRfx4L/w640-h360/The%20Giant%20Behemoth.png" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Fig. 12: At long last, paleosaur-art.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>If you liked this and other articles, please consider
supporting me on <a href="https://www.patreon.com/manospondylus">Patreon</a>. I
am thankful for any amount, even if it is just 1$, as it will help me at
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>References:</b></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ameghino, Florentino: Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles
descubiertos por C. Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral.
Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones, in: Revista Argentina de Historia
Natural, 1, 1906, p. 289–328.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Baron, Matthew; Norman, David; Barrett, Paul: A new
hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution, in: Nature,
543, 2017, p. 501 – 506.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Benton, Michael: The Late Triassic reptile <i>Teratosaurus </i>– A Rauisuchian, not a
dinosaur, in: Palaeontology, 29, 1985, p. 293 – 301.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chatterjee, Sankar: <i>Postosuchus</i>,
a new thecodont reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of the
tyrannosaurs, in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B,
309, 1985, p. 395 – 460.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Colbert, Edwin: Relationships of the Saurischian Dinosaurs,
in: <a name="_Hlk161505431">American Museum Novitates, 2181, 1964, p. 1 – 24.</a></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Colbert, Edwin: Men
and Dinosaurs. The Search in Field and Laboratory, New York 1968.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Colbert, Edwin: A Saurischian Dinosaur from the Triassic of
Brazil, in: American Museum Novitates, 2405, 1970, p. 1 – 39.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Cope, Edward Drinker: Account of extinct reptiles which
approach birds, in: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 18, 1867,
p. 234 – 235.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Galton, Peter & Jensen, James: A New Large Theropod
Dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado, in: Brigham Young University
Geology Studies, 1979.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Galton, Peter: <span class="reference-text">The poposaurid
thecodontian <i>Teratosaurus suevicus</i> Meyer, plus referred specimens mostly
based on prosauropod dinosaurs, in: Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, 116,
1985, p. 1-29.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium;">Hallett, Mark & Wedel, Mathew: The Sauropod Dinosaurs. Life in the Age of Giants, Baltimore 2016.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span class="reference-text">Holtz, Thomas: Correspondence.
Share Names for Dinosaur Divisions, in: Nature, 545, 2017.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span class="reference-text">Hutchinson, Henry Neville:
Extinct Monsters and Creatures of Other Days, London 1910.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Huxley, Thomay Henry: On the Classification of the
Dinosauria, with observations on the Dinosauria of the Trias, in: Quarterly
Journal of the Geological Society of London, 26, 1870a, p. 32 – 51.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Huxley, Thomay Henry: Further Evidence for the Affinity
between the Dinosaurian Reptiles and Birds, in: Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society of London, 26, 1870a, p. 12 – 31.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Jackson, Kathryn & Matternes, Jay: Dinosaurs. Books for
Young Explorers National Geographic Society 1972.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Knutsen, Espen & Oerlemans, Emma: The last dicynodont?
Re-assessing the taxonomic and temporal relationships of a contentious
Australian fossil, in: Gondwana Research, 77, 2020, p. 184-203.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Kurzanov, Sergei: The Origin and Evolution of the Dinosaur
Infraorder Carnosauria, in: Palaeontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 4, 1989.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Martinez, Ricardo & Alcober, Oscar: A Basal
Sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Ischigualasto Formation
(Triassic, Carnian) and the Early Evolution of Sauropodomorpha, in: PLOS ONE
2009.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Marsh, Othniel Charles: The Dinosaurs of North America, in:
Annual Report of the US Geological Survey, 16, 1896, S. 135 - 415.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">McLoughlin, John: Archosauria. A New Look at the Old
Dinosaur, New York 1979.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Moody, Richard: A natural history of dinosaurs, New York 1977.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Norman, David: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs,
London 1985.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Novas, Fernando; Agnolin, Federico; Ezcurra, Martin; Müller,
Rodrigo; Martinelli, Agustin; Langer, Max: Review of the fossil record of early
dinosaurs from South America and its phylogenetic implications, in: Journal of
South American Earth Sciences, 2021.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Owen, Richard: Report on British Fossil Reptiles. Part II,
in: Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1842, p. 60 – 204.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Paul, Gregory Scott: Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. A
Complete Illustrated Guide, New York 1988.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Romer, Alfred Sherwood: Osteology of the reptiles, Chicago
1956.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a name="_Hlk161504924">Rozhdestvensky, A. K. &
Tatarinov</a>, L. K.: Amphibians, reptiles and birds. In Orlov, Fundamentals of
Paleontology, XII, 1964, p. 722.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Thulborn, Tony & Turner, Susan: The last dicynodont: an
Australian Cretaceous relict, in: Proc. Biol. Sci., 270, 2003, p. 985–993. </span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Seeley, Harry Govier: On the Classification of Fossil
Animals commonly named Dinosauria, in: Proceedings of the Royal Society, 43,
1887, p. 165–171.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Sereno, Paul & Novas Fernando: The Complete Skull and
Skeleton of an Early Dinosaur, in: Science, 258, 1992, p. 1137 – 1140.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Van Heerden, Jacques: Herrerasaurus and the Origin of the
Sauropod Dinosaurs, in: South African Journal of Science, 74, 1978, p. 187 –
189.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Walker, Alick: Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area:
Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs, in: Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London, B, 248, 1964, p. 52 – 134.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Yates, Adam: Solving a dinosaurian puzzle: The identity of
Aliwalia rex Galton, in: Historical Biology, 19, 2007, p. 93 – 123. </span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Zallinger, Peter: Dinosaurs and Other Archosaurs, New York
1986.</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Image sources:</b></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 2: Jackson & Matternes 1972, p. 8.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 3: Hutchinson 1910, Plate XVII.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 4: <a name="_Hlk161592187">Moody 1977</a>.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 5: Colber 1964.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 6: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_Museum_of_Ancient_Life_2.jpg">Wikimedia</a></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 7: McLoughlin 1979, p. 48 – 49.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 8: Zallinger 1986.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 9: Martinez & Alcober 2009.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fig. 10: Hallett & Wedel 2016, p. 21.</span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="DE-CH">Fig. 11: </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frenguellisaurus_ischigualastensis_DSC_6185.jpg"><span lang="DE-CH">Wikimedia</span></a></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="DE-CH">Fig. 12: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Giant_Behemoth_(1959)_trailer_-_Paleosaurus_8.png">Wikimedia</a></span></span></span></li></ul>
T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-52056095731610603642024-02-23T19:19:00.003+01:002024-02-25T10:40:14.205+01:00Swiss Dinosaurs: Everything we know so far (Triassic)<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuilARKIEku-pf8a-S_nb5qYltL8g75Is7k0NfiYYvcAvL3s-3AiOxZPRO1zFa9vBdCsPDSRpajbME9vd2HoH-wOjjdQ-3_lX6etRsUv3ojjWQX7pgMbr3aYUQ3w_HnGSZnyUqYbAhwxLRhnr1Pxz9QAIVaM-Ksd2UCnrRY_9r8JoBYC77LCaylA6Vc7jE/s5929/Gresslyosaurus%20aff.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3069" data-original-width="5929" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuilARKIEku-pf8a-S_nb5qYltL8g75Is7k0NfiYYvcAvL3s-3AiOxZPRO1zFa9vBdCsPDSRpajbME9vd2HoH-wOjjdQ-3_lX6etRsUv3ojjWQX7pgMbr3aYUQ3w_HnGSZnyUqYbAhwxLRhnr1Pxz9QAIVaM-Ksd2UCnrRY_9r8JoBYC77LCaylA6Vc7jE/w640-h332/Gresslyosaurus%20aff.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 1: My speculative reconstruction of <i>Gresslyosaurus ingens</i>.</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Some countries are well-known for their fossil finds. For a
long time, some of the most famous dinosaurs almost all came from the USA and
today the news is rife with weekly spectacular finds from China, Brazil,
Argentina or Morocco. In contrast, even though the first ever dinosaurs were
scientifically described here, European countries have taken more of a backseat
in dinosaurology. This is especially true for Central Europe, including
Switzerland. There are both geological as well as historical reasons for this. Mainly,
the landmass that would one day become Switzerland was (ironically for a
landlocked, mountainous country) largely submerged beneath the ancient Tethys
Sea for most of the Mesozoic. As dinosaurs were terrestrial animals, most of
the Swiss Mesozoic record thus filled with marine or flying creatures. Mesozoic
Switzerland was mainly ichthyosaur-country (which you will hopefully soon learn
more about once a paper I co-authored has passed peer-review). Due to the heavy
erosion caused by the Alpine and Jura orogenies, spectacular bonebeds and
Lagerstätten, such as those of North America, are also rare. The most prominent
one is the Grenzbitumenzone of Meride in Kanton Ticino, today an UNESCO world
heritage site, but it dates to the Middle Triassic (before true dinosaurs had
even evolved) and thus yields us “just” protorosaurs like iconic <i>Tanystropheus </i>and various other marine
weirdos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, the mere idea that dinosaurs are not to be expected
here, despite first finds dating back all the way to 1856, may have also
influenced a lack in research. Since the 90s it has been crystal clear that
some parts of Switzerland were dry during the Mesozoic and they were walked on
by dinosaurs. While the record of actual body fossils may be meagre, Northern Switzerland,
especially the region of Jura (from which the Jurassic period derives its name)
has become a hotbed for fossil trackways, showing that a remarkable diversity
of taxa must have existed here at one point not too dissimilar from the faunas
that existed in Iberia, Morrison and the Tendaguru Beds. Switzerland was <i>also </i>a dinosaur country, even if the
evidence is not as obvious at first glance.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">For the new upcoming exhibit at the Zoological Museum of
Zürich I was tasked with designing a new vitrine for the dinosaurs of
Switzerland (replacing the old one which was outdated and rather sparse). I
thought it would be fun to share everything I have discovered on the way and
then some more. In this part we will take a look at everything that can be said
about the Triassic period, when large sauropodomorphs and small theropods
fought with pseudosuchians for hegemony over Pangea.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Body fossils</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Body fossils of Swiss dinosaurs are rare, mostly incomplete
and restricted to the Triassic and Jurassic (unless we count birds of course).
A major exception is the <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/06/my-trip-to-dinosaur-museum-of-frick.html">clay-pit
of Frick in Aargau</a>, which has yielded multiple almost complete skeletons of
<i>Plateosaurus</i>, as well as remains of
theropods and other Late Triassic life. During the Late Triassic there were
various periods when most of Northern Switzerland was land, though various
marine incursions occurred during multiple stages. During dry times, the
climate was arid, only wettened by some rivers, mudholes and sabkhas. In
addition to saurischian dinosaurs can also be found various marine reptiles
(including titanic ichthyosaurs), campylognathoid pterosaurs, pseudosuchians,
temnospondyls and cynodonts.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">What seems to be completely lacking is any identifiable
remains of ornithischian dinosaurs. Depending on what hypothesis for
ornithischian-origins you ascribe to (such as Ornithoscelida), this may be not too
surprising. Some teeth from the Rhaetian of Hallau, Kanton Schaffhausen, were
once identified as belonging to a heterodontosaurid, but further reassessment
found them to not be identifiable beyond Archosauriformes indet. (Butler et al.
2006)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Gresslyosaurus</b></span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcnuWwbgPyfN5MgxbSPZRtnC58vhbcvGEY1CZ-Jah0epXzChd1yc4PHeEPN6NJMrq7Jcc84WiJDRvEODu9yWBsnTiVoskAovj6m7XrH4bnNUo4ikGOE_0u4WoR8TPz95PGQ8uNO3OSv30tlw1ev3lCEpeYDcmkrcCifoWRWXgEdeoirisu9LhS1sxxkt5x/s2048/Gresslyosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1235" data-original-width="2048" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcnuWwbgPyfN5MgxbSPZRtnC58vhbcvGEY1CZ-Jah0epXzChd1yc4PHeEPN6NJMrq7Jcc84WiJDRvEODu9yWBsnTiVoskAovj6m7XrH4bnNUo4ikGOE_0u4WoR8TPz95PGQ8uNO3OSv30tlw1ev3lCEpeYDcmkrcCifoWRWXgEdeoirisu9LhS1sxxkt5x/w400-h241/Gresslyosaurus.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 2: The original dinosaur bones found by Amanz Gressly.<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The first dinosaur fossils identified in Switzerland were discovered
in 1856 by Amanz Gressly in Füllinsdorf, Basel-Landschaft. Originally thought
to come from the phytosaur <i>Belodon</i>, Ludwig
Rütimeyer correctly identified the remains the following year as those of a
dinosaur, which he named <i>Gresslyosaurus ingens</i>.
It was originally thought to be an animal similar to German <i>Teratosaurus </i><span>(Heer 1883)</span>, which was for a long time interpreted as a Triassic
“carnosaur” (as in the old definition of all large theropods, from megalosaurs
to tyrannosaurs, forming a monophyletic group contrasting with the small
coelurosaurs, not the modern usage of the Carnosauria clade that’s
allosauroids+megalosauroids) or even a carnivorous prosauropod. Since the 1980s
it is known that <i>Teratosaurus </i>was
actually a rauisuchian crocodile-relative and had nothing to do with <i>Gressylosaurus </i>or dinosaurs in general. Despite
various more fossils and species across Europe being assigned to <i>Gresslyosaurus</i>, American paleontologst
Peter Galton (1986) concluded that it was a synonym of <i>Plateosaurus</i>, an opinion that has been followed ever since, though
not without criticism (see Moser 2003). In their description of <i>Schleitheimia schutzi </i>from material once
referred to <i>Plateosaurus</i>, Rauhut et
al. 2020 also took a look at the original <i>Gressylosaurus
</i>material and concluded that Galton was wrong, it too not being referrable
to <i>Plateosaurus</i>. The material is
currently still being restudied, but based on their findings, what can be said
is that it was a sauropodiform likely very similar to <i>Schleitheimia</i>, meaning a large, quadrupedal animal already
approaching the true sauropod-bauplan, not a more archaic biped like <i>Plateosaurus</i>. If future work recognizes <i>Gresslyosaurus </i>and <i>Schleitheimia</i> as synonymous (and the original remains are
diagnostic enough), then the former’s name would take precedence, but at the
moment they seem to have been distinct (Rauhut et al. 2020). So far almost no
paleoart exists of the taxon. According to Oswald Heer, late into his mental
illness, <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/02/gresslyosaurus-eldritch-dinosaur-that.html">Amanz
Gressly believed to have been transformed into his dinosaur</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Plateosaurus</span></b></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyI2RXVt9MZA9HZCs_WOMpuVuQb3A6Ufl0VAGC92pY4_g8MIMlUzZ2XwzGz5l7AiJUkxOZer6GGx9YYONlYnJ_u0EM-b5HUJsPPYp7JMEvYVg2SG1yG2pywjOqUuBULIoTzKaKEIsjiUhJLzz5XeRTH_td_y1XatOIpS5eD558BnkIFwBF6Jul495DjAr/s6871/Plateosaurus%20neu%20heller.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2661" data-original-width="6871" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyI2RXVt9MZA9HZCs_WOMpuVuQb3A6Ufl0VAGC92pY4_g8MIMlUzZ2XwzGz5l7AiJUkxOZer6GGx9YYONlYnJ_u0EM-b5HUJsPPYp7JMEvYVg2SG1yG2pywjOqUuBULIoTzKaKEIsjiUhJLzz5XeRTH_td_y1XatOIpS5eD558BnkIFwBF6Jul495DjAr/w640-h248/Plateosaurus%20neu%20heller.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 3: My reconstruction of Plateosaurus (based on a skeletal by Scott Hartman). <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/12/my-first-book-saurus-family-and-little.html">Originally drawn for my book.</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Perhaps the most
well-known dinosaur of the whole country, <i>Plateosaurus trossingensis </i></span>(which
has become the type species for the genus after the original <i>P. engelhardti </i>was found to not be
diagnostic enough anymore) <span>is a famous
species also known from Germany, whose research history stretches all the way
back to 1834. Most <i>Plateosaurus </i>fossils come from the Gruhalde Quarry in
Frick, which has yielded complete skeletons of both adult and juvenile
specimens. These likely stem from herds which, during the dry season, came to a
watering hole and became mired in mud, though this hypothesis has been
questioned from time to time. The Gruhalde Quarry contains multiple
dinosaur-bearing layers (6 in total), spanning throughout the Norian, </span>plateosaur
bones<i> </i><span>being the only ones
consistently found in all of them. Due to this longevity, it is doubtful
if all of these bones are from just <span> </span><i>P.
trossingensis</i>, which they have traditionally been assigned to, and more
likely that they represent different species of <i>Plateosaurus</i> (Zahner
2023). <i>Plateosaurus </i>is such a well-known genus that there is not much
novel information about its biology to add here. What is notable is that, due
to a period of lumping since the 80s, the genus has been somewhat of a
wastebasket for various Swiss sauropodomorph remains, leading to genera like <i>Gresslyosaurus
</i>and <i>Schleitheimia </i>going unrecognized for a long time. Perhaps even
more taxa might be hiding inside the known <i>Plateosaurus </i>material. Teeth
from Corbeyrier in Kanton Vaud have also been referred to <i>Plateosaurus</i>,
but these could have also come from phytosaurs (pers. comm. with Christian
Meyer). </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Liliensternus</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIig3n6qKn3dwbQCC97spVb8FMgP28DF5yr2VuKibXpw1FX0j0q-XcLPPGOgBMmE9ENeFkPGagR4ccCBH35uSseo8j0nfUHiEI_K1QDPjil7uDi_K-FFsGOQd_CxffjGbP_D3Qi5gVO9wM1x59WIjovRv1q5O9_IgB8gjEvpReREHrXlkXGr2vaShAzalz/s5959/Liliensternus%20Timur%20aff.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3107" data-original-width="5959" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIig3n6qKn3dwbQCC97spVb8FMgP28DF5yr2VuKibXpw1FX0j0q-XcLPPGOgBMmE9ENeFkPGagR4ccCBH35uSseo8j0nfUHiEI_K1QDPjil7uDi_K-FFsGOQd_CxffjGbP_D3Qi5gVO9wM1x59WIjovRv1q5O9_IgB8gjEvpReREHrXlkXGr2vaShAzalz/w640-h334/Liliensternus%20Timur%20aff.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 4: My rendition of <i>Liliensternus</i> (referenced from a skeletal by Greg Paul).</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Various teeth and
bits of bone from Kt. Aargau have historically been referred to <i>Liliensternus
liliensterni </i>(Sander 1992, Meyer & Thüring 2003). A large tooth from
Hallau in Schaffhausen, once referred to <i>Megalosaurus </i>(Schalch & Peyer
1919), is probably also from a <i>Liliensternus</i>-type </span>theropod. Due<span> to their fragmentary nature, I personally
find it a little questionable to say that these remains <i>definitely </i>came
from <i>Liliensternus</i>, but it still would not be wrong to assume that this
taxon existed in Switzerland, as, like <i>Plateosaurus</i>, it is originally
known from Southern Germany. There is nothing that speaks against both
dinosaurs having inhabited the same range, especially as there was no natural
barrier between what would become Germany and Northern Switzerland, so, unless
another Central European theropod of similar size and age is discovered,
calling these remains <i>Liliensternus </i></span>seems pretty reasonable. For
what it is worth, the 2018 theropod bones of specimens SMF 18-8, from the
middle dinosaur horizon of Frick, and the slightly older SMF 23-3 show a great resemblance
to <i>Liliensternus liliensterni</i>, with
minor differences perhaps being attributable to just geologic deformation
(Zahner 2023). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">About 5.2 metres long, <i>Liliensternus
</i>was among the largest theropods of its time, though I still find it
doubtful that it could have taken down a full-grown <i>Plateosaurus trossingensis</i>, as is often shown in paleoart (people
underestimate just how massive that dinosaur was). Apart from other theropods,
its major competition must have been rauisuchians like <i>Teratosaurus</i>, which may have grown even larger. <i>Liliensternus</i>’ skull is not completely
known, so there have mainly been two traditions in depicting it: A crestless
version that looks like a <i>Coelophysis </i>on
steroids and a crested version that looks like a more gracile <i>Dilophosaurus</i>. Indeed, a once popular
idea by Greg Paul (1988) was that <i>Liliensternus
</i>was a transitional form between <i>Coelophysis
</i>and <i>Dilophosaurus</i>, all three
included within Coelophysidae (which, as a side-note, he thought gave rise to
the Spinosauridae due to both sharing a kinked snout). While elegant, modern
cladistics does not support such a family tree anymore. Coelophysoidea appears
to be a distinct early branch of Neotheropoda, while <i>Dilophosaurus </i>is a closer relative of the more derived Averostra.
Where exactly this leaves <i>Liliensternus </i>seems
to still be a bit uncertain.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Notatesseraeraptor</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span></span></b></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijdyBkbbg5DdFIT8XKses91jn4xOHrrY5IpHXyYA0HS1jCAmlSIeM11qdrV3Z-CpiUFipLHjnyZDmZcrUpgFh5jxwX8mLJPj6WnABOg_TAhew9AgooNpukZgwzP-94eQdKo80QcNCvzyChgJ6hH5gsHSXAuV75j7vc9wTFiiSrtwUJ2sVJqYxTz4yhZGxb/s6841/Notatesseraeraptor%20aff.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2962" data-original-width="6841" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijdyBkbbg5DdFIT8XKses91jn4xOHrrY5IpHXyYA0HS1jCAmlSIeM11qdrV3Z-CpiUFipLHjnyZDmZcrUpgFh5jxwX8mLJPj6WnABOg_TAhew9AgooNpukZgwzP-94eQdKo80QcNCvzyChgJ6hH5gsHSXAuV75j7vc9wTFiiSrtwUJ2sVJqYxTz4yhZGxb/w640-h278/Notatesseraeraptor%20aff.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 5: My reconstruction of <i>Notatesseraeraptor</i>, based on the skeletal from the original description (though I corrected the arm posture, which was anachronistically pronated in the paper). Because I chose a lipped design, the snout-kink is not as prominent as the skeleton would suggest.</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span><br /></span></b></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><i>Notatesseraeraptor frickensis </i><span>represents the first theropod taxon so far only known from Switzerland.
Its skeleton was already discovered in 2006, from the uppermost dinosaur-layer
of Frick (Late Norian), by hobby-paleontologist Michael Fischer, but it took
until 2019 for it to be fully described and named. Originally thought to have
been a coelophysid, said description (Zahner & Brinkmann 2019) recovered it
as clearly having been on the neotheropod line leading towards Averostra,
making it a closer relative of <i>Dilophosaurus </i>and <i>Zupayasaurus</i>. The
name <i>Notatesseraeraptor </i>means something like “mosaic-trait-thief” and
refers to its mosaic of skeletal characteristics from both coelophysids and
“dilophosaurids”. Due to its unwieldiness, I and some people in the field have
bemoaned the name choice, though I guess something like “Frickosaurus” would
have probably led to immature sniggering from Americans (“frick” being mistaken
as the </span><a href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GoshDangItToHeck"><span>family-friendly replacement</span></a><span> for the F-word).<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span></span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHb6RxVdPIJ-JqvxUYeuvsd3llkCUGxBzuWIZ4wiR_kwknUyI-vjZ3m_RI7ldRzA2EEJE9ZM6bKavzEo3c2nH42GGNBxHuiZQANNKsL5L2xNMkSIEJi5fNVN5Y1vbp8tzcLRhoYWMjUgxerzE0TpkGKEQsSbWfwfwFr8rlz5LKqSDD6lJxQZqCqRwzg-x/s1600/Notatesseraeraptor.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHb6RxVdPIJ-JqvxUYeuvsd3llkCUGxBzuWIZ4wiR_kwknUyI-vjZ3m_RI7ldRzA2EEJE9ZM6bKavzEo3c2nH42GGNBxHuiZQANNKsL5L2xNMkSIEJi5fNVN5Y1vbp8tzcLRhoYWMjUgxerzE0TpkGKEQsSbWfwfwFr8rlz5LKqSDD6lJxQZqCqRwzg-x/w640-h426/Notatesseraeraptor.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 6: A more traditional, but great life model of 'Tessie and its last meal, made by Beat Scheffold (Image taken by me).</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>The amazing
holotype includes most of the front part of the skeleton as well as a complete
skull. Even stomach content was preserved, showing that the animal’s last meal
was a small rhynchocephalian, <i>Clevosaurus</i>. It is one of, perhaps even
the most complete theropod skeleton of Late Triassic Europe. The living
individual is estimated to have been 2.6 to 3 metres in length, but many signs
point towards it having been a sub-adult. Adult </span><i>N. frickensis</i><span> were perhaps
closer to 4 metres long. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Schleitheimia</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5V0a8fHkYXukmxjl6wCsO9JXRGukT7nThiS6egb1RZNpDaOCpq_1t8ecacRbyvkhvwsHpDL_5IHlUXoZxyvpbAjRUKGn2vM0fvSwm0UYJOygNIIhHD7bLZPztJ81IK0WhudEpt_EpeiRVZif-5zlCqk9iCfdSx0KdhBxJKUSodGXmRuvNpffvxsvHe6b9/s1417/Beat%20Scheffold%20Schleitheimia.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1139" data-original-width="1417" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5V0a8fHkYXukmxjl6wCsO9JXRGukT7nThiS6egb1RZNpDaOCpq_1t8ecacRbyvkhvwsHpDL_5IHlUXoZxyvpbAjRUKGn2vM0fvSwm0UYJOygNIIhHD7bLZPztJ81IK0WhudEpt_EpeiRVZif-5zlCqk9iCfdSx0KdhBxJKUSodGXmRuvNpffvxsvHe6b9/w640-h514/Beat%20Scheffold%20Schleitheimia.webp" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 7: A beautiful reconstruction of Schleitheimia, again by Beat Scheffold. Also shown are other critters known from the Swiss Triassic.<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>The bones of </span><i>Schleitheimia schutzi </i>were technically
known since the 1950s, having been collected by Emil Schutz from Norian layers
of the Klettgau Formation in Schleitheim, Kanton Schaffhausen. However, they
were stored away and largely forgotten in museum archives due to, as mentioned
above, having been identified as just some more <i>Plateosaurus </i>bones. Rauhut et al. 2020’s analysis of these bones
showed that it was actually quite a different beast. <i>Schleitheimia </i>was a huge sauropodiform, related to taxa like <i>Isanosaurus </i>and <i>Gongxianosaurus</i><span>, sitting
very close to the origin of the true Sauropoda. That is, Sauropoda in the sense
of Gravisauria, but depending on broader definitions of the clade, <i>Schleitheimia
</i>may already be called an early sauropod. While the remains are incomplete
and the authors did not provide a skeletal, we may thus imagine a large,
quadrupedal animal that already foreshadowed the future titans of the Jurassic.
In that regard, the above illustration by Beat Scheffold may be a bit too
conservative in showing the animal as looking like a quadruped plateosaur, when
it may have resembled more animals such as <i>Antetonitrus</i></span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Of course, the existence of a true sauropod from as early as
the Norian may come as a surprise to some, but as we will see it actually lines
up pretty well with trackway evidence from other parts of Switzerland. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Unnamed Frick
Coelophysoid (SMF 17-1)</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Discovered in 2017 and
described in 2023 as part of Marion Zahner’s doctoral thesis were postcranial
bones of a small theropod, coming from the lower dinosaur horizon of the Frick
locality. The individual was even smaller and younger than the </span><i>N. frickensis</i><span> holotype, perhaps being only a year old at the time of death. That it
was a juvenile of </span><i>N. frickensis</i><span> was considered by Zahner, but deemed
unlikely as the former comes from the topmost layer of the Norian Gruhalde
Member, while the new specimen comes from the second-lowest one, meaning that
potentially as much as 20 million years could be separating the two.
Furthermore, SMF 17-1 shows much greater similarity to true coelophysoids, such
as <i>Coelophysis </i>and <i>Megapnosaurus</i>, making it much more likely to
be a true member of that clade rather than an averostran-line theropod like <i>Notatesseraeraptor</i>. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5fg4iekSVDjBdfB-d6H7-CAwY9OA6IwIHnJraXIRvOksa6nlu48Cyrh5E0EUeRWkZtL1VEZZmDjfSll4xhKZ7C7174J_kbRPnqDWnS0mmpn73o2mLOgT4LeoE899HH7gxsywXENIDS6DkXFUqzbaSWn3AjZah8dCazkJ8gecklBWRWIqfru3goWHmsru/s6426/Frick%20Coelophysoid%20aff.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3812" data-original-width="6426" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5fg4iekSVDjBdfB-d6H7-CAwY9OA6IwIHnJraXIRvOksa6nlu48Cyrh5E0EUeRWkZtL1VEZZmDjfSll4xhKZ7C7174J_kbRPnqDWnS0mmpn73o2mLOgT4LeoE899HH7gxsywXENIDS6DkXFUqzbaSWn3AjZah8dCazkJ8gecklBWRWIqfru3goWHmsru/w640-h380/Frick%20Coelophysoid%20aff.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 8: A generalized coelophysoid (based off <i>Coelophysis bauri</i>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Due to being
incomplete and lacking cranial remains, Zahner refrained from assigning the
remains to any known genus or even erecting a new taxon. Personally, I wonder
if this animal is in some way related to <i>Procompsognathus triassicus</i></span>,
a coelophysid<i> </i><span>from Bavaria
that, like <i>Liliensternus</i>, could have very well also existed in
Switzerland. They probably are not the same, however, as adult <i>Procompsognathus
</i>were only a metre long, whereas SMF 17-1 seems to have already been larger
than that as a juvenile.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>From the same layer
as SMF 17-1 and only 2 metres away were discovered the remains of another small
dinosaur (SMF 17-4-133), but Zahner considers it unlikely that they come from
the same individual, as the sizes of the vertebrae do not match between
specimens. Until further preparation is done, not more can be said about this
specimen other than that it was a saurischian.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Unidentified
mini-prosauropod</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>From the lowest
known dinosaur layer of Frick, close to the Carnian-boundary, were found in
2021 remains of a bipedal sauropodomorph that has yet to be officially
described (Zahner 2023). It is very much unlike </span><i>Plateosaurus</i><span>, being small with
gracile limbs and hollow bones (Zahner 2023). If true, the latter trait would
be quite significant, as skeletal pneumaticity in early sauropodomorphs has so
far been ambiguous, leading some to think that true sauropods evolved
this trait independently of theropods.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span>Trackway Record</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Whereas the
body-fossil record of the Swiss Triassic is rather impressive, the ichnological
record is sparser, which is the opposite condition of the Swiss Jurassic. While
there are many Triassic vertebrate footprints known throughout the country,
most of them seem to have been produced by pseudosuchians, being of the <i>Chirotherium
</i>or <i>Isochirotherium </i>type, such as the trackway from Vieux Emosson
that proved that the northern coast of the Vindelician Land once stretched all
the way into Kanton Vaud (Avanzini et al 2009). These were likely made by
quadrupedal animals very similar to <i>Ticinosuchus</i>. Intriguing are small <i>Chirotherium</i>-type
footprints from the Carnian of the Tödi mountain (uncovered from beneath
glacial ice thanks to climate change), which lack handprints and therefore
suggest the trackmaker to have been bipedal (Feldmann & Heinz 2008).
Perhaps a sort of mini-<i>Postosuchus</i>?</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OB8rPhvrH4-vShT8rz4u74JMh7JSJ3tnuUH-_GKnQAWGk-bWlt5Xp826QedleE5VrLo-PbwQEFkMY_31o3r5Mh52O67Ee-sg5m3FZ5H4zNcbj720TeyKppGLjHlep3BSkPrMO6H6yVP_EdDvkyvOcIcTcTnSBuhcqubt9YkOzos-EbLfQj8YRjjqTHBq/s563/Piz%20Mitgel%20Grallator.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="488" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OB8rPhvrH4-vShT8rz4u74JMh7JSJ3tnuUH-_GKnQAWGk-bWlt5Xp826QedleE5VrLo-PbwQEFkMY_31o3r5Mh52O67Ee-sg5m3FZ5H4zNcbj720TeyKppGLjHlep3BSkPrMO6H6yVP_EdDvkyvOcIcTcTnSBuhcqubt9YkOzos-EbLfQj8YRjjqTHBq/w346-h400/Piz%20Mitgel%20Grallator.JPG" width="346" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 9: Trackways from Piz Mitgel, showing tracks of four-toed prosauropods and small theropods.</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Actual dinosaur
tracks are largely restricted to Kanton Graubünden, which is geographically and
geologically distinct from Northern Switzerland, specifically its national
parks and reserves. Despite being far away from where we know the northern
dinosaurs to have lived, their form and classification suggests that they were
produced by dinosaurs very similar to (and probably the same as) the ones
mentioned above. This is again in contrast to the Jurassic record, which tends
to preserve footprints of dinosaur groups entirely unknown from body fossils. Interestingly, despite living at the same time there is so far no site where the aforementioned rauisuchian tracks co-exist with dinosaur ones (Meyer at al. 2019). Perhaps that means they lived in different habitats?<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; text-transform: uppercase;">K</span><span>ayentapus minor</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>From the Piz Mitgel and Piz dal Diavel come footprints similar to the
ichnotaxon <i>Grallator</i></span><span>,
each about 17 – 25 cm in length (pers. comm. with Christian Meyer says they
should be classified as <i>Kayentapus minor</i>)<span>. These are a dead-ringer for small
theropods. There are fortunately some quite neat calculations to determine the
approximate sizes of theropod trackmakers based on the footprint sizes. You can
take the length and raise it by the power of 1.14. The result you then multiply
by 3.06, which gives you the height of the hip (Weems 2006). Less accurate, but
simpler, you can also just multiply the footlength by 4 (Martin 2014). If you
multiply this number again by 4, you get the approximate length of the
dinosaur. In this case, the trackmakers would have been about 2.7 – 4 metres
long, which fits perfectly with a dinosaur similar to <i>Notatesseraeraptor</i>.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Eubrontes</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizgnFlakKylMRwhqqn-SwfBwANEsdUbwko7_gUR4coAT3411qLQVuVaHCKMdpqoJPUq24RIXapShKUoV1zbC8KsrHeN1YDZeQe52UAH15FfxVzYt7KxVHRNc2e3M4Pmkmem6-GY-CMfSrsBE8F3KZkNPCjq6VF5lk52fEvvcgJyu-eVUDc1HZYTMxK8Mge/s558/Piz%20Ela%20Eubrontes.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="494" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizgnFlakKylMRwhqqn-SwfBwANEsdUbwko7_gUR4coAT3411qLQVuVaHCKMdpqoJPUq24RIXapShKUoV1zbC8KsrHeN1YDZeQe52UAH15FfxVzYt7KxVHRNc2e3M4Pmkmem6-GY-CMfSrsBE8F3KZkNPCjq6VF5lk52fEvvcgJyu-eVUDc1HZYTMxK8Mge/w354-h400/Piz%20Ela%20Eubrontes.JPG" width="354" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 10: Trackways of a large theropod from Piz Ela.<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Also from the Piz Ela come prints resembling <i>Eubrontes</i>, about 28
– 33 cm in length. It is unclear if these were produced by a theropod or a
sauropodomorph (Marty et al. 2013), but the approximate size of the
trackmakers, up to 5.2 metres long, would fit a theropod like <i>Liliensternus </i>quite
well. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Tetrasauropus</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Known from the Late
Norian of Piz Mitgel, Piz S-chalambert and Spi da Tantermozza are large
footprints, about 50 - 70 cm in length, which resemble the classic ichnotaxon <i>Otozoum
</i>(Meyer et al. 2019) but are perhaps better classified as bipedal variants
of <i>Tetrasauropus </i></span>or <i>Pseudotetrasauropus
</i><span>(pers. comm. with Christian
Meyer). Ironic, given the name. Preserving no handprints, these were likely
produced by large, bipedal prosauropods, meaning most likely plateosaurs.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span>Sauropodiformes indet.</span></b></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgctA5O355p5r3-vwyATgLwrpUr_5uHH9-U_kJOzkDqdwrYiBCsgwUt1CIsKWEoDpCiSVF_mxX4LlA9iLsjLYJAz3SuBGZ0-uUt2ZB6PDIAZaMarI_wowoZgX2SIqJmN5DDMRhsjRlALSrs8OB1-yzJCLC1kdJhjvdgOda9vOip2TIHbTU5-pq9SPy1i74U/s586/koessen%20sauropod%20tracks.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="485" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgctA5O355p5r3-vwyATgLwrpUr_5uHH9-U_kJOzkDqdwrYiBCsgwUt1CIsKWEoDpCiSVF_mxX4LlA9iLsjLYJAz3SuBGZ0-uUt2ZB6PDIAZaMarI_wowoZgX2SIqJmN5DDMRhsjRlALSrs8OB1-yzJCLC1kdJhjvdgOda9vOip2TIHbTU5-pq9SPy1i74U/w331-h400/koessen%20sauropod%20tracks.JPG" width="331" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 11: Fooprints of a sauropod or near-sauropod from the Kössen Formation of Val Gravaratschas. The same formation has also yielded the bones of the pterosaur <i>Caviramus </i>and vertebrae from gigantic, whale-sized ichthyosaurs.</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>Known from the Latest Norian and Rhaetian of Piz S-chalambert and Val
Gravaratschas are various overlying layers of tracks produced by quadrupedal
dinosaurs. Some of these were made by quite large creatures that must have
had tree-trunk-like legs (Marty et al. 2013). The most likely candidates for
these would have been advanced sauropodiforms or true sauropods, like <i>Schleitheimia</i></span><span>.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>That has been it for today! Join me in the next post where we take a
look at the Swiss dinosaurs of the Jurassic, Cretaceous… and Eocene! See you
until then!</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Related Posts:</b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a name="_Hlk159243512"><b>References:</b></a></span></p>
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Lionel: A new Isochirotherium trackway from the Triassic of Vieux Emosson, SW
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="DE-CH" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Brinkmann,
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Butler, Richard; Porro,
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paul, Gregory Scott:
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rauhut, Oliver; Holwerda,
Femke; Furrer, Heinz: A derived sauropodiform dinosaur and other sauropodomorph
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sander, Martin: The Norian
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="DE-CH" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: DE-CH; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Schalch,
Ferdinand & Peyer, Bernhard: Über ein neues Rhätvorkommen im Keuper des
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tatarinov LP: New data on a
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Weems, Robert: Locomotor
Speeds and Patterns of Running Behavior in Non-Maniraptoriform Theropod
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><a name="_Hlk120018908"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Zahner,
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Zahner, Marion: Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span>
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</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fig.
2: Meyer & Thüring 2003.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fig.
7: <a href="https://blog.everythingdinosaur.com/blog/_archives/2020/07/17/schleitheimia-fills-a-sauropod-sized-gap-in-dinosaur-evolution.html">Everything
Dinosaur</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fig.
9 – 11: Marty et al. 2013</span></span></li></ul>
T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-12803157428608958332024-02-11T21:35:00.002+01:002024-02-11T21:35:17.572+01:00EDGE tried to plagiarize my blog?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/volQJ1SS5ww" width="320" youtube-src-id="volQJ1SS5ww"></iframe></div><br /><p></p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-63786018791422261782024-02-01T13:24:00.005+01:002024-02-01T13:24:56.309+01:00Skull drawing of Kaatedocus siberi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixsX3igr6a4Tq9nrDT9prQXWJJW1ua3ZyVqNAAP5jECmS0ZLKcZgmIMjhb493_NyNI2DvSjWRCG4NW77wNM3SkG_8vBPM-VCTFUqUV76V04-tfAoa4n_JVaGCAwBdNlafaxgBXbdYF7weNz5bSv1faamhSGQ3lIFNWIpkb1SWv8jeegxXjXZRQS-1qONiC/s4648/Kaatedocus%20skull%20aff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2927" data-original-width="4648" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixsX3igr6a4Tq9nrDT9prQXWJJW1ua3ZyVqNAAP5jECmS0ZLKcZgmIMjhb493_NyNI2DvSjWRCG4NW77wNM3SkG_8vBPM-VCTFUqUV76V04-tfAoa4n_JVaGCAwBdNlafaxgBXbdYF7weNz5bSv1faamhSGQ3lIFNWIpkb1SWv8jeegxXjXZRQS-1qONiC/w640-h404/Kaatedocus%20skull%20aff.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Just a random drawing I did of the <i>Kaatedocus siberi </i>HQ2, a diplodocid discovered by the Swiss Siber-team at the Howe Quarry of Wyoming. This is just something I did because I was bored and is not at all accurate to the real thing (as I am still inexperienced at drawing things from life), so it should not be used as a reference.</span><br /></p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-17594962075753842832024-01-02T20:43:00.003+01:002024-01-13T23:42:07.916+01:00Gorgoraptor<p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkXJu0MJrs-tiOxX7aLHaIj5k7WSGE5xSFrHVWFCySXVwI6x6-Q1if8GuwBhCpXZwFCKxE_JpALtyvEBDxy0qxshWW0eurHPvmiEYFHcz2byEa_hYMdGrHFEcjh29Xn5SgQIMLSgOa3ceroLngHDo_vD4t97TljJOxVLgFPSq4z_jeBwJHDS5f9rCNYnX0/s6646/GorgoraptorRaw.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4816" data-original-width="6646" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkXJu0MJrs-tiOxX7aLHaIj5k7WSGE5xSFrHVWFCySXVwI6x6-Q1if8GuwBhCpXZwFCKxE_JpALtyvEBDxy0qxshWW0eurHPvmiEYFHcz2byEa_hYMdGrHFEcjh29Xn5SgQIMLSgOa3ceroLngHDo_vD4t97TljJOxVLgFPSq4z_jeBwJHDS5f9rCNYnX0/w640-h464/GorgoraptorRaw.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Click to enlarge</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">While <a href="https://rylmadolisland.blogspot.com/">Ryl Madol</a> teems with creatures that are extinct anywhere else in the world, dinosaurs (and really anything else past the Palaeozoic) are sadly absent. In their stead have evolved other, stranger creatures. Among them are the lycaenoraptors, of which <i>Gorgoraptor </i>is a member. Though bipedal and digitgrade like theropods, the saberteeth and faint hairs along the back show that these are in fact some kind of therapsid, descending from the likes of gorgonopsians, therocephalians or perhaps even cynodonts. </span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Using their great sense of smell and decent eyesight, these small-to-medium-sized predators opportunistically stalk the forest undergrowth in search for prey. While its smaller relatives live in packs, <i>Gorgoraptor </i>often hunts alone. When it captures prey like <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2024/01/diogenesaurus.html">lodosaurs</a>, it pins them down with its powerful legs and arms and deals the killing blow by severing their windpipe with its characteristic saberteeth. It itself can fall prey to the much larger <i>Carptophoneus</i>, the anteosaurid(?) "tiger" of the island, and of course the titanic <i>Decarnodon</i>, an anamniote reptiliomorph that could give even large theropods like <i>T. rex</i> a run for their money.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">As, unlike true mammals, these synapsids still have full colour-vision like other amniotes, they can often be found with striking patterns and colour schemes. Apart from charismatic stripes, the mane along the neck and back can also shine in bright colours. Perhaps, long ago in the distant past, this is how hair first got its start, not as a means of insulation but as a display feature. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB">Related Posts:</span></b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/09/what-is-har-deshur.html">What is Har Deshur?</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html">Why Brachiopods are actually pretty cool</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/02/the-life-of-charnia-masoni-and-friends.html">The Life of a Charnia masoni - A speculative Essay</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/01/lariosauro-rather-curious-cryptid.html">Lariosauro: A rather curious cryptid</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/08/hawkinspunk-spinosaurus.html">"Hawkinspunk" Spinosaurus</a><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/speculative-marine-reptiles-i.html">Speculative Marine Reptiles I</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/12/eurhinocaulus-sawfish-lepospondyl.html">Eurhinocaulus: The Sawfish Lepospondyl</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2024/01/diogenesaurus.html">Diogenesaurus</a> </span></span></span></li></ul>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-19797694046450405652024-01-01T23:26:00.005+01:002024-01-13T23:41:40.861+01:00Diogenesaurus<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1QvpDa-0mFkUQQgyBBhWLIQp_dzKZq1En6PY2dX-vjn30MvAzp5eD85MEcoFr13WYplUcRmTuHqXtZlhIlju4sGi9KH5alhMWclWedZzdRZk8y62Pc0rr5rSUhZZBtCSUl3_6E9Ei72AyLIv39qAqCf-efaSvomg5aaPfX49vuQsOT8ox4uKYrvaNlx55/s6169/DiogenesaurusAff1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6169" data-original-width="4816" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1QvpDa-0mFkUQQgyBBhWLIQp_dzKZq1En6PY2dX-vjn30MvAzp5eD85MEcoFr13WYplUcRmTuHqXtZlhIlju4sGi9KH5alhMWclWedZzdRZk8y62Pc0rr5rSUhZZBtCSUl3_6E9Ei72AyLIv39qAqCf-efaSvomg5aaPfX49vuQsOT8ox4uKYrvaNlx55/w500-h640/DiogenesaurusAff1.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Click to enlarge</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></div><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In the tropical jungle of <a href="https://rylmadolisland.blogspot.com/">Ryl Madol</a>, perhaps the same home as that of <i><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/12/eurhinocaulus-sawfish-lepospondyl.html">Eurhinocaulus</a></i>, a strange fellow can be encountered. A biped, both feather- and furless. But, contra Plato, it is not man, nor even really mammal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Although now heavily altered and resembling more a dryosaur-type dinosaur than anything else, the two small tusks growing behind the beak still give away the true ancestry of this Paleozoic survivor. It is a dicynodont therapsid which has learned to walk on two almost humanoid legs. With these, as well as its horizontal pupils, it is well-equipped to evade the predators which may lurk among the giant horsetails and zosterophyl-flora. Yet, these little herbivores still tend to fall prey to the likes of <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2024/01/gorgoraptor.html">lycaenoraptors</a> and aistoboids. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">But those are a story for another time.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB">If you liked this and other articles, please
consider supporting me on Patreon. I am thankful for any amount, even if it is
just 1$, as it will help me at dedicating more time to this blog and related
projects. Patrons also gain early access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB">Related Posts:</span></b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/09/what-is-har-deshur.html">What is Har Deshur?</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html">Why Brachiopods are actually pretty cool</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/02/the-life-of-charnia-masoni-and-friends.html">The Life of a Charnia masoni - A speculative Essay</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/01/lariosauro-rather-curious-cryptid.html">Lariosauro: A rather curious cryptid</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/08/hawkinspunk-spinosaurus.html">"Hawkinspunk" Spinosaurus</a><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/speculative-marine-reptiles-i.html">Speculative Marine Reptiles I</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/12/eurhinocaulus-sawfish-lepospondyl.html">Eurhinocaulus: The Sawfish Lepospondyl</a> </span></span><span><b><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></span></span></li></ul>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-91628365224543800362023-12-30T18:50:00.004+01:002024-01-13T23:41:00.447+01:00Eurhinocaulus: The Sawfish Lepospondyl<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcmNUt-QGqof-MKpXV12hQq7xpJnDxYqRYqw4MtEX0vcZsY8BqbZUrglEt1xRF_6nzpAjfuPeNGPZ-LDcbOKAMEOU2qEFG43vThLGVoDRuojYTG1byK72i4UJJTIGYZ8bGwTL31JBHwdYaTMlN2OQcU99sCbEnq5iMe3WhkWhQWRP85THC7cmV-aBro2dF/s5831/Eurhinocaulus.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4227" data-original-width="5831" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcmNUt-QGqof-MKpXV12hQq7xpJnDxYqRYqw4MtEX0vcZsY8BqbZUrglEt1xRF_6nzpAjfuPeNGPZ-LDcbOKAMEOU2qEFG43vThLGVoDRuojYTG1byK72i4UJJTIGYZ8bGwTL31JBHwdYaTMlN2OQcU99sCbEnq5iMe3WhkWhQWRP85THC7cmV-aBro2dF/w640-h464/Eurhinocaulus.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Click to enlarge</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/speculative-marine-reptiles-i.html">Another round</a> of speculative fun with prehistoric animals. What you see here is not a reconstruction of a real fossil, but a purely hypothetical relative or descendant of the famous lepospondyl <i>Diplocaulus</i>, an "amphibian" from the Permian ("amphibian" is in quotation marks since Lepospondyli, even if they did have similar physiology and lifestyles, are generally considered to have been members of Reptiliomorpha, therefore more closely related to us than to the actual modern (liss)amphibians). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The lifestyle of this creature can be imagined quite straight-forwardly: It lies in wait on or inside the riverbed and when suitable prey is located, it lifts its head, its "skullwings" acting as hydrofoils to quickly dart the predator up (as they are theorized to have done in the real <i>Diplocaulus</i>). Once in reach, the toothed sword-nose is used to strike at the prey and incapacitate it, much as in sawfish.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This is simply a one-off creature without any wider context... for now. Who knows, perhaps it could become part of a future project.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Edit: <a href="https://rylmadolisland.blogspot.com/">Well, it happened!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB">If you liked this and other articles, please
consider supporting me on Patreon. I am thankful for any amount, even if it is
just 1$, as it will help me at dedicating more time to this blog and related
projects. Patrons also gain early access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB">Related Posts:</span></b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/09/what-is-har-deshur.html">What is Har Deshur?</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html">Why Brachiopods are actually pretty cool</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/02/the-life-of-charnia-masoni-and-friends.html">The Life of a Charnia masoni - A speculative Essay</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/01/lariosauro-rather-curious-cryptid.html">Lariosauro: A rather curious cryptid</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/08/hawkinspunk-spinosaurus.html">"Hawkinspunk" Spinosaurus</a><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/speculative-marine-reptiles-i.html">Speculative Marine Reptiles I</a></span></span><span><b><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></span></span></li></ul>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-2125977187826722342023-12-08T19:08:00.008+01:002023-12-30T18:55:52.468+01:00My First Book: The Saurus Family and the Little Trilobite<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxs7HsIutBe2ap-c8IiT-5XMY77IOeyDYojyPqYsSD3CBmKHRnuvhhswu_ugiAjUsmnGMgBxXGa_kVuvZagAP60EySoBjHZzBH-NY2ockM_ZsgV5AZwqp2Xavg618j2rug6sNXApokWWc9Lr_sXcBphsxFZxAxdoZxd6A7E5dzuUCzb4e_9ECbQ1dEWps9/s3000/Cover3%20Aff.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="3000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxs7HsIutBe2ap-c8IiT-5XMY77IOeyDYojyPqYsSD3CBmKHRnuvhhswu_ugiAjUsmnGMgBxXGa_kVuvZagAP60EySoBjHZzBH-NY2ockM_ZsgV5AZwqp2Xavg618j2rug6sNXApokWWc9Lr_sXcBphsxFZxAxdoZxd6A7E5dzuUCzb4e_9ECbQ1dEWps9/w640-h640/Cover3%20Aff.png" width="640" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Well, as you have probably noticed, I have not made as many
blogposts this year as in the previous ones. This was due to a lot of reasons,
like work, study, <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/">new hobbies</a> and
some personal struggles. But one of the more pleasant reasons was that I have
in fact been working on a book! Now what could this book be? A compilation of
Manospondylus posts? A history of paleontology? A spec-evo book? A science
fiction novel? An encyclopedia of Swiss fossils? NOPE, none of the above. It is
a children’s book about cartoony prehistoric animals! Illustrated all by myself.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CPX4HKHK">CHECK IT OUT HERE</a></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.de/Familie-Saurus-kleine-Trilobit-Sivgin/dp/B0CR5TP3Q2/ref=sr_1_2?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=2REOFRSPVYUTG&keywords=familie+saurus&qid=1703958371&sprefix=familie+saurus%2Caps%2C121&sr=8-2">NOW ALSO AVAILABLE IN GERMAN</a> </b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><i>The Saurus Family and the Little Trilobite </i>follows an
odd week in the life of Mr. and Mrs. Saurus, a married couple consisting of an <i>Ichthyosaurus </i>and a <i>Plesiosaurus </i>living on the coast of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindelizische_Schwelle">Vindelicia</a>. One
fateful day they find a trilobite in their underwater garden, which they soon
realize is an animal which should not exist anymore in their time. The news of
their major discovery spreads and various parties become interested in the
little arthropod, but not for any good reasons. What will Mr. and Mrs. Saurus
do now faced with this situation? Keep the critter as a pet? Sell it? Eat it?
Well, that is for you to find out.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8bKBfk7GTErlvj88pPw8E1vIaED52IZw3rVTFgO8mnpkRfCwVcddR4m7LAuCEkrDT6PFHUZ2zHT42VDb7YvEvNIwjUORYl0_u7R18VmxYhCy7-j86heyBwZWOgyFMXOIidNQF3WHV2fFO6S8biXKa4ztWoDO2SuvL98g6ZJgyV_Ggyvs_BHfTLvi5KvCo/s4544/Familie%20Saurus%20heller.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4134" data-original-width="4544" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8bKBfk7GTErlvj88pPw8E1vIaED52IZw3rVTFgO8mnpkRfCwVcddR4m7LAuCEkrDT6PFHUZ2zHT42VDb7YvEvNIwjUORYl0_u7R18VmxYhCy7-j86heyBwZWOgyFMXOIidNQF3WHV2fFO6S8biXKa4ztWoDO2SuvL98g6ZJgyV_Ggyvs_BHfTLvi5KvCo/w400-h364/Familie%20Saurus%20heller.png" width="400" /></a></div></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt1b_mu5L41f7ekM2tl7P-FhO4xQmRm-eDhYlRPhg1g7YqOWQhq9lJFSZHf4R4GdWl6qj6eZONg2nAVA2W2gqx-lqgnoyGthSfCgH2-qTnjIrIwLfhtT-7hSmklIViAhDXUCSce-c-0W7tzSoA1hDWLwvtpi6Eq7QkHrJXGQ1wFq_EvPER_L8ythh5rR3q/s5021/Baculites.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2439" data-original-width="5021" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt1b_mu5L41f7ekM2tl7P-FhO4xQmRm-eDhYlRPhg1g7YqOWQhq9lJFSZHf4R4GdWl6qj6eZONg2nAVA2W2gqx-lqgnoyGthSfCgH2-qTnjIrIwLfhtT-7hSmklIViAhDXUCSce-c-0W7tzSoA1hDWLwvtpi6Eq7QkHrJXGQ1wFq_EvPER_L8ythh5rR3q/w400-h194/Baculites.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJhzj8X71QYGDRCMHSBnrCcwVIizU6tP0i9DTOx46bt44CcD5JcEC2mfJU7ZADI0VwRPqMIRzck0WKCbv9lqOpaCE2zf4HfR24nUWfF7jwCLsF7J6U6O965T4M2CAgGqVMQ_ZQfgwj189vuC2DKMFiLxsgruW5GO-GW9rDLjTdath2hKnJe1we_AvQB2Ij/s5516/Henodus%20cropped%20heller.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3775" data-original-width="5516" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJhzj8X71QYGDRCMHSBnrCcwVIizU6tP0i9DTOx46bt44CcD5JcEC2mfJU7ZADI0VwRPqMIRzck0WKCbv9lqOpaCE2zf4HfR24nUWfF7jwCLsF7J6U6O965T4M2CAgGqVMQ_ZQfgwj189vuC2DKMFiLxsgruW5GO-GW9rDLjTdath2hKnJe1we_AvQB2Ij/w400-h274/Henodus%20cropped%20heller.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwaDOyo29SnfNjEzklmbcne947J7LEp9EUYbSb37Kq01FadDlqhPbataxVozzL-pWU0JlbRoQ_uCZEzSRRpWL5LzqFwVQUQhGdPmRCbSr8KbX7tf04Mkg6OJ1h884A4yKIo8HU0HSL-w-MKUso182vy5oOwE1vfJ2zoV4q0sizdlAI8JHOd9sjPUh5yIf/s4816/Herr%20Saurus%20und%20Mr.%20Thag.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2977" data-original-width="4816" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwaDOyo29SnfNjEzklmbcne947J7LEp9EUYbSb37Kq01FadDlqhPbataxVozzL-pWU0JlbRoQ_uCZEzSRRpWL5LzqFwVQUQhGdPmRCbSr8KbX7tf04Mkg6OJ1h884A4yKIo8HU0HSL-w-MKUso182vy5oOwE1vfJ2zoV4q0sizdlAI8JHOd9sjPUh5yIf/w400-h248/Herr%20Saurus%20und%20Mr.%20Thag.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgvQdMIzFw6E8dtxJixGOzpqKT_EQXCqw3b4th4JeRFgk1jv981BgSZG1CRPsqfOiIC6qB-wLQZsDmHqXwWWhRzxc3UCWgAf8nOl5d-CtIg59O9B0YXI4b2DdebvhKJiQEzUhnNotUNy7mpt3bVrwhH0SqCULjnO57QlE6fNCPfn_RBpVTbrOK06CbWw7v/s5823/Ichthyosaurus%20Neu2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2370" data-original-width="5823" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgvQdMIzFw6E8dtxJixGOzpqKT_EQXCqw3b4th4JeRFgk1jv981BgSZG1CRPsqfOiIC6qB-wLQZsDmHqXwWWhRzxc3UCWgAf8nOl5d-CtIg59O9B0YXI4b2DdebvhKJiQEzUhnNotUNy7mpt3bVrwhH0SqCULjnO57QlE6fNCPfn_RBpVTbrOK06CbWw7v/w400-h163/Ichthyosaurus%20Neu2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Now, of course, this is a silly story with a lot of factual
errors (dinosaurs did not use forks to eat, for example). So, in addition, the
book has a second half, which offers information on the real-life background
behind all the animals that appear in the story, including more naturalistic
illustrations. While this book is aimed at younger audiences, I hope some of
the information will also be new for some of the more mature audience. Have you
for example ever wondered what the longest fossil invertebrate was? Or how
thalattosuchians moved on land? In addition, expect a lot of paleo-insider gags sprinkled throughout the whole book.<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAhlXQg52jycTycfyNv0HdssYD5aMSchkQAdas6CcCF7WzMnbYpQfeQBuR5BevclzRf1Cox8m4Ni8adP6g8sMHCbNn0swpra5aJSifdZ8K7WB4Hw2MfAmt8E1w4lynAZnecLQFF8-MoOauI-5TJYIw6_mL-n7ctWj1v5mbNlRMJP0mW4Y3OJzOuyE3cfxm/s6871/K%C3%B6nig%20Tyrannosaurus.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwASKOjCTnEAatzc5sGKdvX4kysM8Yx4Qpw53Lv1zNBQmPeEDHkX-virA9AHHt2WtszDDeCglgdkrDYvFuTBgQnNcrsAWmQl-7g4299cG-bpdmg7HEMX4emN2d0_XogZHxeBHSQLOBu0o_aVwX2L4YUiBsypwt2R8idFnCGopZmo7NulU98Eg001syqeDO/s5391/K%C3%B6nig%20Tyrannosaurus2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5391" data-original-width="4816" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwASKOjCTnEAatzc5sGKdvX4kysM8Yx4Qpw53Lv1zNBQmPeEDHkX-virA9AHHt2WtszDDeCglgdkrDYvFuTBgQnNcrsAWmQl-7g4299cG-bpdmg7HEMX4emN2d0_XogZHxeBHSQLOBu0o_aVwX2L4YUiBsypwt2R8idFnCGopZmo7NulU98Eg001syqeDO/w358-h400/K%C3%B6nig%20Tyrannosaurus2.JPG" width="358" /></a></div><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8hrxEz8xIUDvvXs7sMQE3p_uWSuKNkXyVvJXCG7GYokjprWvBjX_gs7GvkxJFKN0mW8jh0ultzdgoaumJcZ0LRF4X3xt7HIPiI4x1kIsq12gAWIZdXkHeEhXZypJKQzEbYdIyRS0ukLz_78NLEh8n6b2weTB8J_Wo9lf0BpPT0dcacoQwOZ_UbPU2-E8d/s5798/Mesozoische%20Wirbellose.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5798" data-original-width="4816" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8hrxEz8xIUDvvXs7sMQE3p_uWSuKNkXyVvJXCG7GYokjprWvBjX_gs7GvkxJFKN0mW8jh0ultzdgoaumJcZ0LRF4X3xt7HIPiI4x1kIsq12gAWIZdXkHeEhXZypJKQzEbYdIyRS0ukLz_78NLEh8n6b2weTB8J_Wo9lf0BpPT0dcacoQwOZ_UbPU2-E8d/w333-h400/Mesozoische%20Wirbellose.JPG" width="333" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The book measures 21 x 21 cm and is 84 pages long. It is
currently priced at 15.99 € or 16.99 $. I published it through Amazon’s
self-publishing service and it should be available on all storefronts. There
are some coloured images in it, which (for reasons unclear to me) the Australian
and Japanese storefronts will unfortunately not be able to print in full colour.
My location in Switzerland has also made it difficult to send myself test-versions,
so if there are any unforeseen printing errors because of that I apologize in
advance and promise to fix those as soon as possible. A German version is now also available.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">This is the first ever book I have published, so I hope you
all like it. I am looking forward to your thoughts, opinions and constructive criticism.
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: times;">Related Posts:</b></span></p>
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Forgotten John C. McLoughlin Book</a></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/08/dinosaur-books-that-made-us-eyewitness.html" style="font-family: times;">Dinosaur
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T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-9192547476059055512023-11-30T12:45:00.003+01:002023-12-08T18:45:43.459+01:00Sauriermuseum Aathal - 2023 Update<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">It has been a while, hasn’t it? Not just on this
blog (I have been quite busy, both with work and <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/">art</a>), but also at the beloved Sauriermuseum Aathal, where a lot of things have
been updated. If you have missed it, I <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-1.html">have</a>
<a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/08/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-2_20.html">made</a>
<a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/10/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-3.html">four</a>
<a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/01/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-4.html">posts</a>
talking about the museum as of 2021. Now a lot of things have already changed again,
in part because of the great migration of some of the original Howe Quarry
fossils <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">to
the Zoological Museum of Zürich where I work at</a>.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFLjBgkm3DR9S8TVWxXn7mwIj1ARvpzxANTtetHb_WaRs2dd1_3kusrm8mXLwtAJJe7PYOmFz4gZmIZtKt0r-ZQwtp7GfQiOz5zqKJtc4qeCEzNUhJ4RierkfscLzX7JOzhXAp_Pxq4R9N-LZcDQ3Rhg1gSZlsQ4XzTsHMUkqMRL-vcYeR3ZO72nWTlIYv/s4032/DAD0A688-1312-42AE-A03F-28F6795C0594.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFLjBgkm3DR9S8TVWxXn7mwIj1ARvpzxANTtetHb_WaRs2dd1_3kusrm8mXLwtAJJe7PYOmFz4gZmIZtKt0r-ZQwtp7GfQiOz5zqKJtc4qeCEzNUhJ4RierkfscLzX7JOzhXAp_Pxq4R9N-LZcDQ3Rhg1gSZlsQ4XzTsHMUkqMRL-vcYeR3ZO72nWTlIYv/w640-h480/DAD0A688-1312-42AE-A03F-28F6795C0594.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">One big change is already visible at the entrance.
The old <i>Stegosaurus </i>model that used
to stand here has now been graced with a brand new <i>Spinosaurus</i>! What a magnificently made, short-legged croco-duck. Let
us see how long it will take for it to become outdated.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG-IezXtsNAuMFzMz0BQo0NLqXThBwrO9TyWd6EFg3Sz4lL_ulB8lDBYr-0VHIHsLx3IJTArxryblcxWG7LiuqiD5A4x-nNSOfG1sn6XZfyolzIjaQfY_SPv1v68dMHTVuTTpS3Smt6wJYPU4DbAD0jTfxC0P6VWkm1-KwEIWpJxw9t78KcCFpC-o9ZdqD/s4032/885DC2BE-B253-4F06-A4DC-80943E10D6D2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG-IezXtsNAuMFzMz0BQo0NLqXThBwrO9TyWd6EFg3Sz4lL_ulB8lDBYr-0VHIHsLx3IJTArxryblcxWG7LiuqiD5A4x-nNSOfG1sn6XZfyolzIjaQfY_SPv1v68dMHTVuTTpS3Smt6wJYPU4DbAD0jTfxC0P6VWkm1-KwEIWpJxw9t78KcCFpC-o9ZdqD/w400-h300/885DC2BE-B253-4F06-A4DC-80943E10D6D2.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihvlbsnZfC2KHoliQFVd-vep1x5lm5yRdGn7r6C5LwmxIchqKqAYDGyzc-ERZjCV6pY4qlkFGX-WQwtgccHYFtL63HzxGdxh8_FfqR9E2cTYIMYSjSWObiDYHt5mGxO_TAxPxArjBppuWnr9UHQ9mJtTe46bOhA1jBkOcca42CItMm0ipOEXHP0_WCZVBp/s4032/8098305C-FB48-43D6-BCE6-0C6D7B1CE023.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihvlbsnZfC2KHoliQFVd-vep1x5lm5yRdGn7r6C5LwmxIchqKqAYDGyzc-ERZjCV6pY4qlkFGX-WQwtgccHYFtL63HzxGdxh8_FfqR9E2cTYIMYSjSWObiDYHt5mGxO_TAxPxArjBppuWnr9UHQ9mJtTe46bOhA1jBkOcca42CItMm0ipOEXHP0_WCZVBp/w300-h400/8098305C-FB48-43D6-BCE6-0C6D7B1CE023.jpeg" width="300" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghnF_xE8Dyx_0ApYa_zewM2WqgphIjgaRIDlob-MbevpjAwa2J0FGC16lshocGYM88oeRpSPZ0Mx2s2FbN8FSPSTwBGmyywj7DMmdYoHeIpwXT_9rQprJv-zpFwnqEcXlScceypP62WHFW6rPpzM0CW5cV0QGPct7Q8PkvkI2IuhvtlOTVLMi6pgdJOTAN/s4032/AE64127E-1C4D-4588-8A06-5359C4297709.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghnF_xE8Dyx_0ApYa_zewM2WqgphIjgaRIDlob-MbevpjAwa2J0FGC16lshocGYM88oeRpSPZ0Mx2s2FbN8FSPSTwBGmyywj7DMmdYoHeIpwXT_9rQprJv-zpFwnqEcXlScceypP62WHFW6rPpzM0CW5cV0QGPct7Q8PkvkI2IuhvtlOTVLMi6pgdJOTAN/w400-h300/AE64127E-1C4D-4588-8A06-5359C4297709.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">In the Howe Quarry Hall not much has seemingly
changed, but that is deceiving. The three skeletons of Big Al II, Barbara (<i>Nanosaurus</i>) and H.Q. 1 (<i>Diplodocus</i>) have
been replaced with replicas, because this year they went on tour in Hong Kong
and next year in March they will stand in the museum in Zürich. </span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRjIFx1QgL_AL1DmgeXiPc3O6T-xTK1ssRXrqHaJ9oazbrwtxKLxqzXDgWHUbHjXFGMGsEiSXV3Q7k2Npprtw7wt0ageZZcjAIuW5UhPDFPl32K4-9zhVY4U4VKJ6I_t4j4s5iCAhfZF3HTdVQADNLBW0KT7FWPjpC94YqDZ1LOMI9ngjEMR0Bugm0bIPZ/s4032/D28C1919-B2BA-4200-9A24-367FC0A47A94.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRjIFx1QgL_AL1DmgeXiPc3O6T-xTK1ssRXrqHaJ9oazbrwtxKLxqzXDgWHUbHjXFGMGsEiSXV3Q7k2Npprtw7wt0ageZZcjAIuW5UhPDFPl32K4-9zhVY4U4VKJ6I_t4j4s5iCAhfZF3HTdVQADNLBW0KT7FWPjpC94YqDZ1LOMI9ngjEMR0Bugm0bIPZ/w400-h300/D28C1919-B2BA-4200-9A24-367FC0A47A94.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJv3MDetjdnBtnL7ciAUadkuIUa4taamhTui28PzfSWUqKad5T5oyJObjHumtjiWW8kGEe2l5DwbRgoy92M_zg4Ox-AHto7YEkcaj_lmHBpBxbK6o6hdwJo3CRUKGQODg588dqk8Opr4ul4-sbbjzTQapTftExtQWUiJp3rtyZRtiYdlTJN5u_If4rrFv_/s4032/CF7A63BE-20AD-4EF1-923C-FDB855B298EE.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJv3MDetjdnBtnL7ciAUadkuIUa4taamhTui28PzfSWUqKad5T5oyJObjHumtjiWW8kGEe2l5DwbRgoy92M_zg4Ox-AHto7YEkcaj_lmHBpBxbK6o6hdwJo3CRUKGQODg588dqk8Opr4ul4-sbbjzTQapTftExtQWUiJp3rtyZRtiYdlTJN5u_If4rrFv_/w400-h300/CF7A63BE-20AD-4EF1-923C-FDB855B298EE.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfUeIkTZYOIlg_eKoEh0QmrKq6Vqla1RPuzroKTfdSBmDYi37W8LKPI71RIfR0gIOMIQc37f8amf2tyA4C4NDXmA5ChlbG4n386Fi28wsqafas-0gK-UPfRh2LHSxplD03VajzLpzHunFUAComaIUQyn_6go8gr_GTiE5R5oOnQqJ5rRwvnBotjgCba44T/s4032/C75DBD96-C340-4CEB-988E-53EB517230BD.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfUeIkTZYOIlg_eKoEh0QmrKq6Vqla1RPuzroKTfdSBmDYi37W8LKPI71RIfR0gIOMIQc37f8amf2tyA4C4NDXmA5ChlbG4n386Fi28wsqafas-0gK-UPfRh2LHSxplD03VajzLpzHunFUAComaIUQyn_6go8gr_GTiE5R5oOnQqJ5rRwvnBotjgCba44T/w400-h300/C75DBD96-C340-4CEB-988E-53EB517230BD.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGRxmWSZPBwwI5bHeGpuuVUtU4VJFOansVydjo4IXZlvuyYUM2RuwMc4E_qiMQjKsu3UDRilM_ai4auRAkuCX1uEwXgBb7V6ZHZ7qVwy0v_b7zmXNKDE2jVGqkO75WxGfoiLqVFNnmgw7dGtEm63TfKscJIeoxl2kxY880OVmECh79YobylKODBA2U71By/s4032/38B5F3B3-E7F2-4732-BA98-41FB6D4F5639.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGRxmWSZPBwwI5bHeGpuuVUtU4VJFOansVydjo4IXZlvuyYUM2RuwMc4E_qiMQjKsu3UDRilM_ai4auRAkuCX1uEwXgBb7V6ZHZ7qVwy0v_b7zmXNKDE2jVGqkO75WxGfoiLqVFNnmgw7dGtEm63TfKscJIeoxl2kxY880OVmECh79YobylKODBA2U71By/w400-h300/38B5F3B3-E7F2-4732-BA98-41FB6D4F5639.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7a1U4scbLLeq4DKQBemQI-08BbmLX8kozc4HasiELZGJ5Sq4qEWuZ6z0XRsuX9n5GTqoOE9ZKvJwqXKlczsHc-k9dJxmDNIS13dRwR_VB6bS9uGaFCE4f7ru7UaIJC5UASw1WUkzfTtFmZdJoLw6WWNPC4sqvXtFbfiHvdfyrdmH3TBF_FHwW5VO6mc_n/s4032/7BD0576E-FB6C-4DBD-9F4E-25344564BB1A.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7a1U4scbLLeq4DKQBemQI-08BbmLX8kozc4HasiELZGJ5Sq4qEWuZ6z0XRsuX9n5GTqoOE9ZKvJwqXKlczsHc-k9dJxmDNIS13dRwR_VB6bS9uGaFCE4f7ru7UaIJC5UASw1WUkzfTtFmZdJoLw6WWNPC4sqvXtFbfiHvdfyrdmH3TBF_FHwW5VO6mc_n/w400-h300/7BD0576E-FB6C-4DBD-9F4E-25344564BB1A.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">A new exhibit (replacing the old one about dinosaur
footprints) is dedicated towards fossil fish from around the world. This one
was pretty great, not just because the specimens were all quite fantastic, but because
it also went into the evolution of fish and the origin of tetrapods. All-around
great stuff.</span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMG1xZr2UlKA7K2gaCE6ggIdRl6ufJRM-ut65jhuPPf0AKU-aSbdcK4n1jhqpvElAF808dLioASuEYxc261RZ7ZCXUxVAcgUzRWFsmwTxtEPLJKd7mQDAXSdevyCAWnmyHWEge2z5NQQNYfSprRirQ9hlkzivWMGNvd-iIJdHFoO3Rs4kftfYD1fS7BBKE/s4032/69A11C5E-412D-4001-9EE1-6CA40A46A2B9.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMG1xZr2UlKA7K2gaCE6ggIdRl6ufJRM-ut65jhuPPf0AKU-aSbdcK4n1jhqpvElAF808dLioASuEYxc261RZ7ZCXUxVAcgUzRWFsmwTxtEPLJKd7mQDAXSdevyCAWnmyHWEge2z5NQQNYfSprRirQ9hlkzivWMGNvd-iIJdHFoO3Rs4kftfYD1fS7BBKE/w640-h480/69A11C5E-412D-4001-9EE1-6CA40A46A2B9.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOVPHt-VWuj4e0q2LD382rMRRxkfQhb2eiiq9528IR8vLSvjQNoGKRMvQCq7wIlq5GDOI9Lus4ottnBoUyHM3nhB0y8lKudIdYonxMCGSRFOvV2kLXmJy9zWUaEHSxXvgbRRdTsplEx1UgHlcAyW8gsVCfl_y5UmrAhDl84u1kTWMSIyajAenvAPvnqV1J/s5184/IMG_1556.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOVPHt-VWuj4e0q2LD382rMRRxkfQhb2eiiq9528IR8vLSvjQNoGKRMvQCq7wIlq5GDOI9Lus4ottnBoUyHM3nhB0y8lKudIdYonxMCGSRFOvV2kLXmJy9zWUaEHSxXvgbRRdTsplEx1UgHlcAyW8gsVCfl_y5UmrAhDl84u1kTWMSIyajAenvAPvnqV1J/w640-h426/IMG_1556.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKk9l9hLlvZawgPKN3c_tTO4z55Dn5YA2nnArATfWjMr0nFrBquGMdCCavN6WgJ190q9Wu6YeOPTZ3VmQPXluVDh1ryxCP6kpavj9beLGhL4pwgw67dYySgT-rNsPuWxLlQJNus1OOweI-elEx73NephfDlRYwnBVCwhLh8hHwtqR_aEXZ3CEbsVOggxwQ/s5184/IMG_1548.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKk9l9hLlvZawgPKN3c_tTO4z55Dn5YA2nnArATfWjMr0nFrBquGMdCCavN6WgJ190q9Wu6YeOPTZ3VmQPXluVDh1ryxCP6kpavj9beLGhL4pwgw67dYySgT-rNsPuWxLlQJNus1OOweI-elEx73NephfDlRYwnBVCwhLh8hHwtqR_aEXZ3CEbsVOggxwQ/w640-h426/IMG_1548.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">Now, the real reason why I returned was the new
exhibit all about everyone’s favourite dinosaur, <i>Allos</i>… I mean, <i>Tyrannosaurus
rex</i>. This was originally only supposed to last until the end of August, but
was thankfully extended to the end of 2023, which allowed me to still see it in
time. Originally, this exhibit coincided with the presentation of the </span><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/my-evening-with-trinity-first-t-rex-to.html"><span>skeleton Trinity at Zürich’s auction house in
March</span></a><span>. If you have been
following this blog since then, you will know that said skeleton has since been
</span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/an-update-on-trinity.html"><span>sold to the Phouebus Foundation</span></a><span>, which plans to place it in a museum in
Antwerpen. But said museum is still being built, so where will Trinity stay
until then? I have actually been informed by direct sources, but I am not
allowed to tell (yet).</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyPvUCxuL7o6GrwY2GBvQsBQdZVOXJ8t775WWkwvK8nlzMsdqIjX0esMYJ4RGyYk8ZjvXAbc1lU0E0vJbqP8NhdqdSzVzj6BVWwP6oplOPPUTUoolXYbmjYduDiK3ELLyoYdViS3vqyD2b2iDJxeoHq13sEhKurqYNr4jbFlFrnXTQBztTICnnp-73h0Xk/s4032/C076561A-8F75-437D-B321-0FA2F6756CAD.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyPvUCxuL7o6GrwY2GBvQsBQdZVOXJ8t775WWkwvK8nlzMsdqIjX0esMYJ4RGyYk8ZjvXAbc1lU0E0vJbqP8NhdqdSzVzj6BVWwP6oplOPPUTUoolXYbmjYduDiK3ELLyoYdViS3vqyD2b2iDJxeoHq13sEhKurqYNr4jbFlFrnXTQBztTICnnp-73h0Xk/w640-h480/C076561A-8F75-437D-B321-0FA2F6756CAD.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhztDlpx0pHy1mVdj4JbBnz5YshO3bFCfLNrdpoxF7tKe1CiBOiQN6WRxRHO8lI-fh-6U2nHbWSeQ3_a3dD40k8PXEa1og8G8x0e6obKvfTFqdzvYvfcagJyN9Zei_8yP9ga-v2PSdnQegltIbqrV3RzaqdaosjIGAtHcXi26-MM1M_CyNSkLP7u7YU7XOW/s4032/EEBF0223-4104-4AB1-B029-843B0B94D2D6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhztDlpx0pHy1mVdj4JbBnz5YshO3bFCfLNrdpoxF7tKe1CiBOiQN6WRxRHO8lI-fh-6U2nHbWSeQ3_a3dD40k8PXEa1og8G8x0e6obKvfTFqdzvYvfcagJyN9Zei_8yP9ga-v2PSdnQegltIbqrV3RzaqdaosjIGAtHcXi26-MM1M_CyNSkLP7u7YU7XOW/w400-h300/EEBF0223-4104-4AB1-B029-843B0B94D2D6.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiDJqDC_Iv-eMWVWMKTJ0iWm806cV_JkZX1aADNhsKQqVbejpmc-IbrmaChG-v5n_wLxwbfG5_TRLMjERwNWqteeTUdYWhpZdKOBufUfZVhPHb_U8-wEXjKj_om6UVG0drDNclWhiJdZpcx5SMRloq8_ns5mFgMIBSRPXJuwGLDmSoD6wUP9TT7eEfSoWs/w400-h300/E6380E98-D617-4358-9BB4-4759863CA084.jpeg" width="400" /></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAeW8GuYL-TZc0rBTdU4NPgJWrbX7jqgwzvGlqvb-IA1bZbBoLYAhCEBqQTwd_cFZ5ERmJd9VcFNtuqJ4b6965ID81RtkaRpw8485I0TAggkNQKsViXuWfcp1HqN1N9TPTeSauUSyPy4w2frYWhP_dDyDqurO5sLb_VwKnjiNhM2INgLkjAeUPqphNids9/s4032/2761BFA4-D2B4-4E00-BBC2-1C5110F94287.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAeW8GuYL-TZc0rBTdU4NPgJWrbX7jqgwzvGlqvb-IA1bZbBoLYAhCEBqQTwd_cFZ5ERmJd9VcFNtuqJ4b6965ID81RtkaRpw8485I0TAggkNQKsViXuWfcp1HqN1N9TPTeSauUSyPy4w2frYWhP_dDyDqurO5sLb_VwKnjiNhM2INgLkjAeUPqphNids9/w400-h300/2761BFA4-D2B4-4E00-BBC2-1C5110F94287.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPaIWk7ZB9TRWi86SVFu6XqZpA8CEPQnKup4IR01iTMGh6w1IA8z94Xum-ajWnME89m4jiQ8GfhHkLinxfG-D_fIk4aFn3PLAY_Chc3tCyTbDbEUFVDgSuT1EceEwmCCtDtZmTD_91z-6l6QY6brhazDuGsZ5WCqgEmhuJglELW_HouHd9OpyfMxR6wyQ/s4032/4E4315F9-2977-4F18-B27C-234CC1330DE6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPaIWk7ZB9TRWi86SVFu6XqZpA8CEPQnKup4IR01iTMGh6w1IA8z94Xum-ajWnME89m4jiQ8GfhHkLinxfG-D_fIk4aFn3PLAY_Chc3tCyTbDbEUFVDgSuT1EceEwmCCtDtZmTD_91z-6l6QY6brhazDuGsZ5WCqgEmhuJglELW_HouHd9OpyfMxR6wyQ/w400-h300/4E4315F9-2977-4F18-B27C-234CC1330DE6.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">This year’s T. rex exhibit was actually too large
for the museum, so it had to be built in a room in the neighbouring restaurant,
which of course profited from the endeavour by renaming itself “Dino Beizli” (Beiz
being Swiss-German for a bar or saloon). The centrepiece of the exhibit was the
skeleton of “Rocky”, a teenage <i>T. rex</i>
first discovered in 1998 in South Dakota. He was surrounded by skulls of others
tyrannosaurs (replicas). Among them were Scotty, AMNH 5027 (aka, the one used
in the <i>Jurassic Park </i>logo), Stan and
Sue.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiPoGBC3Ac0dDcI5NV28sT7jCFTfYqTKn56B6ICfwCvQTcLULDDaGs71BB8J35vJo00MF_OWr5EUD1MixQMgDEVWeqwywyjvhfYoOa2Xi1FOJtcPHgHDVldmIjGmPnwP6WQa7zTifNOMBD702on5SQvoUwADB-ohBEYnhSErfJ7adYpSKDFsubZLos3MO4/s5184/IMG_1559.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiPoGBC3Ac0dDcI5NV28sT7jCFTfYqTKn56B6ICfwCvQTcLULDDaGs71BB8J35vJo00MF_OWr5EUD1MixQMgDEVWeqwywyjvhfYoOa2Xi1FOJtcPHgHDVldmIjGmPnwP6WQa7zTifNOMBD702on5SQvoUwADB-ohBEYnhSErfJ7adYpSKDFsubZLos3MO4/w640-h426/IMG_1559.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZLE_ynDUeyeQI20bDkgu8wATxTq6wnSD_a39emoAz06MNjQKxxwEz_OJAPLOwjv9aZfVIBQG8DBdfxatvndONLh5_HnGRF37L92LHfe4utYvYq5FAg1PUKveyfIEWY_kTXYToAmflgk5xF0aXim7WqYeao9XeNmoapUrl7h6d-FtF2V8tGQJBmvs09v0T/s5184/IMG_1561.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZLE_ynDUeyeQI20bDkgu8wATxTq6wnSD_a39emoAz06MNjQKxxwEz_OJAPLOwjv9aZfVIBQG8DBdfxatvndONLh5_HnGRF37L92LHfe4utYvYq5FAg1PUKveyfIEWY_kTXYToAmflgk5xF0aXim7WqYeao9XeNmoapUrl7h6d-FtF2V8tGQJBmvs09v0T/w640-h426/IMG_1561.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjexTk4DO1h8AOTbi5FeF24kWX7W_828dWzV-WKLzAWJVX_EXy1A0WRJ5Fdpo8weTlOkQHgL1TOyIXj7SgeQvfLLccGhbjjbCrMqptPovvnTwieRT2tdgpT4NPhae_XJfm6caA2_R-ZiCx6DAv9uNMC0lRYTyMFhkW65r4s2xzS9pk4jQ7LJV3axtK1pUjv/s4032/C663E032-CEDB-4B94-99A8-21878E9B3EA7.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjexTk4DO1h8AOTbi5FeF24kWX7W_828dWzV-WKLzAWJVX_EXy1A0WRJ5Fdpo8weTlOkQHgL1TOyIXj7SgeQvfLLccGhbjjbCrMqptPovvnTwieRT2tdgpT4NPhae_XJfm6caA2_R-ZiCx6DAv9uNMC0lRYTyMFhkW65r4s2xzS9pk4jQ7LJV3axtK1pUjv/w400-h300/C663E032-CEDB-4B94-99A8-21878E9B3EA7.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi1yyrnbaCo67RV9S6TnhpmfGk6uKcKiYSwSM8pAs4lJp1EIkTq29MTKiVorokH5HMN70tnTcnygvCZSaAE0f5_IHqTprGIYU8nVKBodn58qI4iPNRWzFy9ZZzXkUhNJuxwqq1F6ZMGslO1OH79c8ZYGrhckoSp-P-7dz6OBBYq_NVROXCzHpa7EO3n_8a/s4032/95521B29-1620-4E9B-A6F8-ADBA72CAA111.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi1yyrnbaCo67RV9S6TnhpmfGk6uKcKiYSwSM8pAs4lJp1EIkTq29MTKiVorokH5HMN70tnTcnygvCZSaAE0f5_IHqTprGIYU8nVKBodn58qI4iPNRWzFy9ZZzXkUhNJuxwqq1F6ZMGslO1OH79c8ZYGrhckoSp-P-7dz6OBBYq_NVROXCzHpa7EO3n_8a/w400-h300/95521B29-1620-4E9B-A6F8-ADBA72CAA111.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFQpCzcf5PN8r4djv8SbXNqLL5lxJUrM9n1PKWwqzPOYVnpgUTM22lR84uNIxryzKp-e8e5-QRsc92ws-yV_GtsCpiRmS6YfQrF9QpH82HMI4wyRlQ_xstLhWojfk6gT-OpfLPPTQRSsG5pTzH8z77ACtBD7x2MGGxRDw-tjxq_tDKRpsWug-Uz_4wt4s3/s4032/7DAE06E1-B368-4952-AD72-8564E00D8369.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFQpCzcf5PN8r4djv8SbXNqLL5lxJUrM9n1PKWwqzPOYVnpgUTM22lR84uNIxryzKp-e8e5-QRsc92ws-yV_GtsCpiRmS6YfQrF9QpH82HMI4wyRlQ_xstLhWojfk6gT-OpfLPPTQRSsG5pTzH8z77ACtBD7x2MGGxRDw-tjxq_tDKRpsWug-Uz_4wt4s3/w400-h300/7DAE06E1-B368-4952-AD72-8564E00D8369.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">In addition to the skeleton of an <i>Alioramus</i>, there
were also skulls of other tyrannosauroids, like <i>Tarbosaurus</i> and <i>Albertosaurus</i>.
What will probably ruffle some feathers is that the skull of Jane (</span><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">BMRP 2002.4.1) was labelled
(probably correctly) as a juvenile <i>T. rex</i>
while CMNH 7541 was presented as <i>Nanotyrannus</i>,
without much comment as far as I can remember. Feel free to spam the comment
section about this. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">Also in the room was a couch in front of a projector which played some low-budget CGI documentary about the tyrant lizard. The narrator, I was pleasantly surprised, was Otto Clemens, who some readers may also know as the narrator of the German dub of <i>Walking with Dinosaurs</i> and its spin-off shows. To any Anglo-Saxon readers unfamiliar with him, <a href="https://youtu.be/leEOhqBGTYY?si=iJVUiyADuiH6gA8A">seriously listen to this version</a>, Kenneth Branagh is milquetoast compared to his voice. As a little kid I always had the impression he was God himself talking about his own creations.<br /></span></span></p>
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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9bwcViwlqKWAlw-jX8wuAbqWuATLNk4RCi6Fl457Nl5JeWR8cIKpRMt3lVKL1BItLA_oTlZpE0vD0O6j92mbvFneG7GtMNwgGBtMphDAPeVSbsG1eGUEhnuitjvjtMd7seIoibmo57pvR2pHPD1oZ8IagWRseD2piTKA58Y0r1X6G2vFvGGIDPYm_O5DV/s5184/IMG_1568.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9bwcViwlqKWAlw-jX8wuAbqWuATLNk4RCi6Fl457Nl5JeWR8cIKpRMt3lVKL1BItLA_oTlZpE0vD0O6j92mbvFneG7GtMNwgGBtMphDAPeVSbsG1eGUEhnuitjvjtMd7seIoibmo57pvR2pHPD1oZ8IagWRseD2piTKA58Y0r1X6G2vFvGGIDPYm_O5DV/w400-h266/IMG_1568.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQty3LSn9UcYKwkTTakIWVSAcPDGKOr0kx3dN2Mv0Ax7LCh4R5oi2nT2ESrmwxsvx-sld7hvhb88azpZIRsz9D3vSTmCkEdYxmcAe39VYTf-LgyuuxkWVONNS0Fq2yqU8egkFZnp2_peIZRCgUj4xivCyGoelTdmiCLzkPMNZ33Z6eqSqIVFC1VowTNJ4r/s5184/IMG_1567.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQty3LSn9UcYKwkTTakIWVSAcPDGKOr0kx3dN2Mv0Ax7LCh4R5oi2nT2ESrmwxsvx-sld7hvhb88azpZIRsz9D3vSTmCkEdYxmcAe39VYTf-LgyuuxkWVONNS0Fq2yqU8egkFZnp2_peIZRCgUj4xivCyGoelTdmiCLzkPMNZ33Z6eqSqIVFC1VowTNJ4r/w400-h266/IMG_1567.JPG" width="400" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">And with these images of <i>T. rex</i> paraphernalia I leave behind Novemeber. Stay tuned for another post soon, since I have
some big news from my side to announce!</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">If you
liked this and other articles, please consider supporting me on Patreon. I am
thankful for any amount, even if it is just 1$, as it will help me at
dedicating more time to this blog and related projects. Patrons also gain early
access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Related Posts:</b><span></span></span></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-1.html"><span style="color: blue;">Visiting the
Sauriermuseum Aathal - Part 1: The Howe Quarry Dinosaurs</span></a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/08/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-2_20.html">Visiting
the Sauriermuseum Aathal - Part 2: Exhibits</a> </span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/10/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-3.html">Visiting
the Sauriermuseum Aathal - Part 3: More Exhibits</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/01/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-4.html">Visiting
the Sauriermuseum Aathal - Part 4: The Main Hall</a> <span> </span></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html"><span style="color: blue;">Behind the
scenes of the Sauriermuseum, with Victoria the Hesperosaurus</span></a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/my-evening-with-trinity-first-t-rex-to.html">My
evening with Trinity, the first T. rex to be auctioned off in Europe</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/an-update-on-trinity.html">An
update on Trinity</a></span></span> </span></li></ul>
T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-16339181786018028632023-08-21T15:46:00.002+02:002023-08-21T15:46:15.144+02:00Dinosaur Books that Made Us - Eyewitness Dinosaur<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/62yOj6MjhE8" width="320" youtube-src-id="62yOj6MjhE8"></iframe></div><p></p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-59969990509785727302023-05-17T20:15:00.013+02:002023-05-17T20:48:07.936+02:00Was the first piece of paleoart a shitpost?<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbwxNU9mAIfXa3ONVLyveEz0wc0nl_3mwtPWO1eDZJtgzqmB4tUSyisvH8nxbHyru6NLdaTW2kOqZLXQksxbJZeYsYWOVa11mT6IoJwdyIQSkdZEBa5ZcRc4aYlA3OfKLmvpmPV7fGrRcj8pnkj_u_NSdb1YqjENoVlib7axukpnN3uz1_Ljt1OUUhg/s850/A%20Coprolitic%20Vision.png" style="font-family: times; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="850" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbwxNU9mAIfXa3ONVLyveEz0wc0nl_3mwtPWO1eDZJtgzqmB4tUSyisvH8nxbHyru6NLdaTW2kOqZLXQksxbJZeYsYWOVa11mT6IoJwdyIQSkdZEBa5ZcRc4aYlA3OfKLmvpmPV7fGrRcj8pnkj_u_NSdb1YqjENoVlib7axukpnN3uz1_Ljt1OUUhg/w400-h239/A%20Coprolitic%20Vision.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Illustrations
of fossils go back at least to the Renaissance, if not further. However, reconstructing
those fossils as they may have been in life, the thing we generally refer to as
paleoart, is a relatively recent practice.</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1NHr0miuXnKWtLvcAoel0ZtFy5-YdNiloeY5NoeJ28c8FzDX9JKc7ya_-_q1drfuVU3LxECoSu1VihpxnH27y7Ce9PzOzyRwloptzFXxNuTG_ZxG1ctSIikm4F8kRINzfuK2rv68YainXwGmwSpC7ztL2W1otO8Exbb7frQ3oJ6VIL68sbQgbN2W_Kg/s2296/Duria_Antiquior.jpg" style="font-family: times; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1585" data-original-width="2296" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1NHr0miuXnKWtLvcAoel0ZtFy5-YdNiloeY5NoeJ28c8FzDX9JKc7ya_-_q1drfuVU3LxECoSu1VihpxnH27y7Ce9PzOzyRwloptzFXxNuTG_ZxG1ctSIikm4F8kRINzfuK2rv68YainXwGmwSpC7ztL2W1otO8Exbb7frQ3oJ6VIL68sbQgbN2W_Kg/w640-h442/Duria_Antiquior.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">Fig. 1.: <i>Duria Antiquior - A more Ancient Dorset</i>, 1830. Take notice of the defecating animals. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><i><br /></i></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Often
regarded as the very first piece of paleoart that tried to show fossil animals
as they may have been in the flesh is <i>Duria Antiquior - A more Ancient Dorset</i>,
by Henry De la Beche, from the year 1830. De la Beche’s watercolour portrays the
Jurassic ecosystem that has been uncovered over the years by his friend Mary
Anning, showing the different kinds of marine reptiles all interacting with
each other (mostly through violence) in their natural environment. The piece
was made to be sold to academic institutions as a teaching instrument, the
money going to Anning, who had unfortunately fallen on hard times (Davidson 2008).
</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbwxNU9mAIfXa3ONVLyveEz0wc0nl_3mwtPWO1eDZJtgzqmB4tUSyisvH8nxbHyru6NLdaTW2kOqZLXQksxbJZeYsYWOVa11mT6IoJwdyIQSkdZEBa5ZcRc4aYlA3OfKLmvpmPV7fGrRcj8pnkj_u_NSdb1YqjENoVlib7axukpnN3uz1_Ljt1OUUhg/s850/A%20Coprolitic%20Vision.png" style="font-family: times; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="850" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbwxNU9mAIfXa3ONVLyveEz0wc0nl_3mwtPWO1eDZJtgzqmB4tUSyisvH8nxbHyru6NLdaTW2kOqZLXQksxbJZeYsYWOVa11mT6IoJwdyIQSkdZEBa5ZcRc4aYlA3OfKLmvpmPV7fGrRcj8pnkj_u_NSdb1YqjENoVlib7axukpnN3uz1_Ljt1OUUhg/w640-h382/A%20Coprolitic%20Vision.png" width="640" /></a></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">Fig. 2.: <i>A Coprolitic Vision</i>, 1829, proving that humour has not changed much over the centuries.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"> <i><br /></i></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">But is this
really the first piece of paleoart, in the sense of depicting fossil organisms
as living beings? No, at best <i>Duria Antiquior </i>was the first
one used in an academic/scientific context. What some people may not know is
that Henry De la Beche was also a passionate caricaturist and one year prior he
had created quite a daft piece titled <i>A Coprolitic Vision</i>. What it
depicts is William Buckland, in full academic attire and geologist’s hammer in
hand, at the entry of a cave, where he sees living prehistoric mammals, flying pterosaurs
and marine reptiles… just defecating all over the place. The cave itself looks
like the inside of a digestive tract, with the pillars holding it up resembling,
well… you know. What this was meant to satirize was Buckland’s then current
obsession with coprolites (fossilized feces), which resulted in multiple works
on the matter. This itself has had a large influence on <i>Duria Antiquior</i>.
If you look closely at that later painting, you can also see various animals,
especially the ichthyosaur in the foreground and the plesiosaur in the centre,
dropping logs into the water. In his recent book <i>Ancient Sea Reptiles</i>,
Darren Naish claimed that this was supposed to show an instinctual fear response,
but it seems far more likely that this is a nod to both <i>A Coprolitic Vision </i>as well as the fact that De la Beche had used
Buckland’s work on coprolites as a basis for speculating what the foodweb in
ancient Dorset may have been like, helping him determine which animals in the
painting should feed on the others.</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj124TCJggz0tRstFlGgTNIxHZKwdHUx6rgytAgfSC-IA2CmEmKCyWNI9romHnV682MNyabEoU3iO_HstRUxfLyzsZChlJKGZZ4D27dDGIoUeQRRmEzWxGUoCImidwK-RMpW5leaIWQGJ7s_vWc4Yj5h1cgw56YCakdBSE61ieVMU84tDF9w5S6PzZ3xw/s515/Kirkdale%20Cave.jpg" style="font-family: times; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="515" height="485" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj124TCJggz0tRstFlGgTNIxHZKwdHUx6rgytAgfSC-IA2CmEmKCyWNI9romHnV682MNyabEoU3iO_HstRUxfLyzsZChlJKGZZ4D27dDGIoUeQRRmEzWxGUoCImidwK-RMpW5leaIWQGJ7s_vWc4Yj5h1cgw56YCakdBSE61ieVMU84tDF9w5S6PzZ3xw/w640-h485/Kirkdale%20Cave.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">Fig. 3.: William Buckland sticking his head into a not-quite-extinct Kirkdale Cave, 1822.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">So, is<i> A Coprolitic Vision </i>the oldest piece of paleoart then?
It may very well be the very first life reconstruction of Mesozoic marine
reptiles, but not of prehistoric animals in general. We can go back a lot
farther to find that. In 1822, for example, William Conybeare produced another satirical
piece, which <i>again </i>shows William
Buckland exploring a cave (De la Beche may have been deliberately riffing on Conybeare). This time it is the real life Kirkdale Cave in North
Yorkshire, where he is greeted by a group of cave hyenas. The cave was
originally a big mystery, due to containing the bones of a wide variety of
animals, such as elephants, hippos, rhinos, hyenas and bison, which (it was
thought) were not native to Britain. Buckland first analysed the cave under the
belief that the bones were remains from the deluge, having been swept into the
cave by the great flood from elsewhere on Earth. But as time went on, he
realized that the cave never had an open roof and that its only entrance was
too small to have fit in the whole bodies of most of the animals found in it.
Then he discovered that most of the bones had bite marks that fit the teeth of
the hyenas at the site. A suspicion grew, which was further supported by
Buckland finding objects in the cave that looked to him like petrified hyena droppings.
To confirm that this is indeed what it is, he went as far as comparing the
coprolites with the dung of living hyenas that he observed in British
menageries. Thus, it became obvious that all the remains at the Kirkdale Cave
were not swept in by the deluge but came from animals that had actually lived
close to it and were dragged into the cave by a hyena pack that inhabited it.
Rather than mocking him, Conybeare’s drawing is meant to celebrate this
discovery, as Buckland's study was the first reconstruction of an ecosystem from deep time.
Aided again by coprolites. One may question though if Conybeare’s drawing would
have actually counted as the restoration of an extinct animal at the time he made it, as it was only just
then being debated if the European hyena bones in question were from the extant
spotted hyena or belonged to a separate, extinct taxon. In that light, depending on his view, he may or may not not have been illustrating an animal he regarded as extinct, but rather one he
thought was still alive but has just lost its former range (which would be true
from a certain point of view, as the cave hyena is today regarded as simply a sub-species of the spotted hyena).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwuCX5K_jdCCPGPv72-uX4IuAcFvzR1dcWsrXCcgNaWTok9j4snO-krHSqmtjqid93T52FMmQhoN-9EBh2lWh8BsTU4u76vg-Lq6js7WRL_ey-9NERIOMurcewabgU2ASqVZO_bgbVU1bbxEsomx7nWKkoBD3_s_423JZELPjlHYw-Iq80QHNZ9cBgTA/s1079/adams%20mammoth.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1079" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwuCX5K_jdCCPGPv72-uX4IuAcFvzR1dcWsrXCcgNaWTok9j4snO-krHSqmtjqid93T52FMmQhoN-9EBh2lWh8BsTU4u76vg-Lq6js7WRL_ey-9NERIOMurcewabgU2ASqVZO_bgbVU1bbxEsomx7nWKkoBD3_s_423JZELPjlHYw-Iq80QHNZ9cBgTA/w640-h480/adams%20mammoth.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></p><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">Fig. 4.: A mammoth mistake, 1805.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Going even
further back, we come across Roman Boltunov’s reconstruction of a frozen
mammoth carcass that Ossip Shumachov had discovered in the delta of the river
Lena in the year 1805. As is evident, he was apparently unaware that Georges
Cuvier had already determined by this time, based off the few fragmentary
mammoth bones that had made their way into Western Europe, that this animal was
a distinct species of elephant. Instead, Boltunov shows it as some kind of
giant… boar? Maybe? It is certainly quite an odd-looking construct. Boltunov was neither
an illustrator nor a paleontologist, but an ivory merchant, so the purpose of this
drawing was first and foremost advertisement, transmitted through private
communications between him and his contacts in St. Petersburg. He had bought
the carcass' tusks off Shumachov and was looking to sell them further, which
is how Michael Friedrich Adams got to know about the find (which is now named
the Adams mammoth). Adams was able to buy the tusks off Boltunov and also
retrieve the rest of the skeleton, including its frozen skin and other soft
bits, which were all assembled together in the Zoological Museum of St.
Petersburg.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3fV9GFDioWNw9Uq9UwFVKz9KvD-K9IlaoTdak1RvJqe8gxqz6K9oniXl9DQXZqMSSDrMjxh4i-kqpv-YJRuFXCMID7SOmoO7mU-h4gb1-ZEW4Auny331EliMLB1JQv6vO29qQTI8YQuh36gJ0e0_zcezG-Bqz2_NwOob9q0x9UIeW3WQ253kyUZsqqA/s1004/Hermann%20pterosaur.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1004" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3fV9GFDioWNw9Uq9UwFVKz9KvD-K9IlaoTdak1RvJqe8gxqz6K9oniXl9DQXZqMSSDrMjxh4i-kqpv-YJRuFXCMID7SOmoO7mU-h4gb1-ZEW4Auny331EliMLB1JQv6vO29qQTI8YQuh36gJ0e0_zcezG-Bqz2_NwOob9q0x9UIeW3WQ253kyUZsqqA/w640-h502/Hermann%20pterosaur.PNG" width="640" /></a></span></p><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;">Fig. 5.: Johann/Jean Hermann's mammalian pterosaur, giving the viewer a full-frontal assault, 1800.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">The
absolutely oldest known, incontrovertible piece of art that tried to depict a
fossil how it would have looked in the flesh comes from Johann Hermann (Witton
2018). This drawing from the year 1800 depicts his interpretation of the
Bavarian fossil <i>Pterodactylus</i>,
interpreting it as a flying mammal, which, if you have been a long-time reader,
you will know was <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/01/the-weirdest-things-people-have-thought.html">a
popular idea among Central European paleontologists at the time</a>. He shows
it with fur, cute ears and external genitals similar to a bat, while faint
lines indicate where he thought additional membranes may have attached or how
the wing may have moved. This was sent in private along with his writings on
the fossil to Georges Cuvier and was apparently never meant for official
publication. In fact, only in 2004 was it rediscovered that this drawing even
existed.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">So, what we
can say in the end is that while the first piece of paleoart in history was not
a shitpost, if we consider that the very first one was never published for over two centuries,
the second one was an odd curiosity among Siberian ivory merchants and the
third one just showed quite modern animals, De la Beche's coprolitepost could very well have
been many people’s first introduction to restored animals from deep time. The
backstories of the two caricatures discussed here are also a testament to the influence that the
study of coprolites has had on the history of early paleontology and paleoart,
the effect still being felt right up to <i>Duria Antiquior</i>.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">I think
most of us can also agree that Hermann’s <i>Pterodactylus </i>and Butanov’s
mammoth have a certain shitpost energy to them.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">If you
liked this and other articles, please consider supporting me on Patreon. I am
thankful for any amount, even if it is just 1$, as it will help me at
dedicating more time to this blog and related projects. Patrons also gain early
access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Related Posts:</span></b></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/10/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html">The
Alien Prehistoric World Trope: Part 1 - Antediluvia</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/01/the-weirdest-things-people-have-thought.html">The
weirdest things people have thought about pterosaurs</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/12/antique-paleoart-dragons-of-air.html">Antique
Paleoart: Dragons of the Air</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/04/antique-paleoart-geology-and.html">Antique
Paleoart: Geology and Inhabitants of the Ancient World</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/06/stegosaurus-history-of-reconstructions.html">Stegosaurus:
A history of reconstructions</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/07/diplodocus-history-of-reconstructions.html">Diplodocus:
A history of reconstructions - Part 1</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/11/diplodocus-history-of-reconstructions.html">Diplodocus:
A history of reconstructions - Part 2</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/01/antique-paleoart-most-illegal-photos-of.html">Antique
Paleoart: The most illegal photos of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs</a></span></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">References:</span></b></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Davidson,
Jane: A History of Paleontology Illustration, Bloomington 2008.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Pemberton,
George; Mccrea, Richard; Gingras, Murray; Sarjeant, William: History of
Ichnology. The Correspondence Between the Reverend Henry Duncan and the
Reverend William Buckland and the Discovery of the First Vertebrate Footprints,
in: Historical Biology, 2008, 15, p. 5 – 18.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Rudwick,
Martin: Bursting the Limits of Time. The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the
Age of Revolution, Chicago 2005.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Taquet, Phillipe;
Padian, Kevin: The earliest known restoration of a pterosaur and the
philosophical origins of Cuvier’s Ossemens Fossiles, in Comptes Rendus Palevol,
2004, 3, p. 157 – 175.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Witton,
Mark: The Paleoartist's Handbook. Recreating prehistoric animals in art,
Marlborough 2018.</span></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Image
Sources: </span></b></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Fig. 1: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Duria_Antiquior.jpg">Wikimedia</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Fig. 2: Pemberton
et al. 2008.</span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Fig. 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buckland_hyena.jpg">Wikimedia</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Fig. 4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boltunov_mammoth.jpg">Wikimedia</a></span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times;">Fig. 5:
Witton 2018, p. 24.</span></span></li></ul>
<p></p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-5150366577875891182023-04-22T13:21:00.006+02:002023-04-22T19:55:51.959+02:00An update on Trinity<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEHR8AgJZMQnufTSXJhYiwtlc0K4R15OKu1PvQsxozB4tKO_n-vCsZVFFPrZgPkOkDFJ34hvLqziETxNszM9nsJWgnk6vk0U6RRycIitZPKhO4A2RDAo1M3hs9pNRR97YYExsguRsfTII3Jzp4GJzcGWgskV89BaOlbUQyOzWsPcXcXK5WrA5kUycQNA/s5184/IMG_1375.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEHR8AgJZMQnufTSXJhYiwtlc0K4R15OKu1PvQsxozB4tKO_n-vCsZVFFPrZgPkOkDFJ34hvLqziETxNszM9nsJWgnk6vk0U6RRycIitZPKhO4A2RDAo1M3hs9pNRR97YYExsguRsfTII3Jzp4GJzcGWgskV89BaOlbUQyOzWsPcXcXK5WrA5kUycQNA/w640-h426/IMG_1375.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">April 18 has passed and if you have read <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/my-evening-with-trinity-first-t-rex-to.html">the last post</a>, you are now probably wondering what happened to Trinity, the first <i>T. rex </i>skeleton that was auctioned off in Europe. It was sold to the highest bidder for the price of 4.8 million Swiss francs, which is somewhat surprising, as the value of the skeleton was estimated to be within 5 and 8 million. But who bought it? For the first few days the buyer was kept anonymous, with various media reporting that it was either an American or Swiss person. I had a feeling that, like with Stan, they might never get revealed.</span></span></p><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">But now the new owner of the skeleton has <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CrS7bkaoSjI/?igshid=MDJmNzVkMjY=">made themselves known</a>. It is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoebus_Foundation">Phoebus Foundation</a>, a philanthropic organisation dedicated towards the conservation and restoration of artworks and cultural objects. Apparently they are constructing a brand new culture center in the Boerentoren tower in Antwerpen (which lies in a country with noticeably inferior chocolate), where they eventually want to put Trinity to make her accessible to the public, as well as scientists. As the center is not yet finished, they plan to lend Trinity to museums in the meantime.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">So, at least in this case, we can lay our fears about private fossil auctions to rest, as this is probably the best-case scenario anyone could have hoped for. What is pretty funny is that we ended the last post with a quote by Dennis Hansen, where he compared private fossil collecting to private art collecting, and now Trinity was literally bought by an art foundation. There is something quite poetic in this.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiudyac68-CxpgIgAqbQV7l1O5Xb3-_SbZByR3S-mE-cKaxeLzge2lB7htrBV1qGeT-1MCYAEY-44c49OmS7z9TrgiIZjaJjpLgRw1T53oxaMVHs-nJ4n3OWLk0RLhwSEp0P0nCnEV-kTbHapa8DXPqYnDhCT1J7Zn4IRg7QTN9PG1gNjSMR6QOIM8aSw/s5184/IMG_1371.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiudyac68-CxpgIgAqbQV7l1O5Xb3-_SbZByR3S-mE-cKaxeLzge2lB7htrBV1qGeT-1MCYAEY-44c49OmS7z9TrgiIZjaJjpLgRw1T53oxaMVHs-nJ4n3OWLk0RLhwSEp0P0nCnEV-kTbHapa8DXPqYnDhCT1J7Zn4IRg7QTN9PG1gNjSMR6QOIM8aSw/w400-h266/IMG_1371.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Spondylus is thrilled about the news!</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Related Posts:</span></b></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2023/04/my-evening-with-trinity-first-t-rex-to.html">My evening with Trinity, the first T. rex to be auctioned off in Europe</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/02/gresslyosaurus-eldritch-dinosaur-that.html">Gresslyosaurus:
The Eldritch Dinosaur that turned its Discoverer insane?</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-1.html">Visiting
the Sauriermuseum Aathal - Part 1: The Howe Quarry Dinosaurs</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">Behind
the scenes of the Sauriermuseum, with Victoria the Hesperosaurus</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/07/diplodocus-history-of-reconstructions.html">Diplodocus:
A history of reconstructions - Part 1</a></span></li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">References:</span></b></span></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://kollerauktionen.auctioneersvault.com/catalogues/TRX-293/index.html">Koller:
TRX-293 Trinity, Zürich 2023</a>.</span></li></ul></div>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-33467201929922093622023-04-15T14:48:00.002+02:002023-04-15T14:48:58.149+02:00Speculative Marine Reptiles I<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyjUQE24Z6JY7TcjqImu2b2KLqiYpO9ySJv5NZpM1aTWN4pGUeiXOTxfR5Cw1OcwbzibSSScHEoXpdJ8aPTYsyRXJwdEbaqkLgeWZnXMBLQWNYU_UiF3fRCghFvj-iYh437jmx9ZiH-V6dDCs3P9sqTm1tx19b13zH38DmfIUwerxAh5TXXzZEM912Wg/s6871/Iniasaurus%20Sepia.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4816" data-original-width="6871" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyjUQE24Z6JY7TcjqImu2b2KLqiYpO9ySJv5NZpM1aTWN4pGUeiXOTxfR5Cw1OcwbzibSSScHEoXpdJ8aPTYsyRXJwdEbaqkLgeWZnXMBLQWNYU_UiF3fRCghFvj-iYh437jmx9ZiH-V6dDCs3P9sqTm1tx19b13zH38DmfIUwerxAh5TXXzZEM912Wg/w640-h448/Iniasaurus%20Sepia.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;">Click to enlarge</span></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The Triassic was full of all kinds of strange and wonderful reptiles, most of which unfortunately went exitinct at the end of that period. Phytosaurs are one of those groups. Phylogenetically, they have gone back and forth between being true croc-line archosaurs or being more archaic archosauriforms that merely resembled modern crocodilians through convergent evolution. Although quite successful throughout the whole Triassic, they left no descendants into the Jurassic. Or did they?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Presented here is <i>Iniasaurus</i>, a speculative phytosaur that survived into the Early Jurassic. Some real life phytosaurs, such as <i>Mystriosuchus </i>or <i>Diadongosuchus </i>had already adapted towards a mostly marine life and, perhaps, these were not failed experiments as we would like to think. Descending from a <i>Mystriosuchus</i>-like ancestor, I imagine the line leading towards <i>Iniasaurus </i>surviving the mass extinction (as well as potential competition with pseudosuchians) by giving up the freshwater environments and increasingly adapting towards fully marine life, where the extinction of archaic sauropterygians and large ichthyosaurs has opened up new niches. Its tail has developed into a proper fluke and the hindlegs have become vestigial, only used during mating. Mostly unable to walk on land, it gives live birth, much like other marine archosauromorphs such as <i>Dinocephalosaurus </i>or the metriorhynchids.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Calling <i>Iniasaurus </i>a marine reptile is however no longer entirely accurate, as it has begun advancing back into the freshwater habitats from which its ancestors came. I imagine it like the Mesozoic equivalent of a river dolphin, swimming through murky rainforest rivers and estuaries in search of fish, which it catches with its gharialous jaws. Instead of echolocation it perhaps uses electroreceptors at the snout-tip to detect its prey. The clawed flippers come in handy when clambering over sunken treelogs, while the ancestral dermal armour makes for good protection against the theropods which now dominate the land.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><i>Iniasaurus </i>is accompanied by an (admittedly more fanciful) creature, another Triassic survivor. <i>Neohescheleria </i>(or alternatively <i>Nothocadborosaurus </i>if you want to be cheeky) is a rainforest thalattosaur. Its bizarre-looking skull is actually quite archaic and still close to that of its clam-eating predecessors such as <i>Nectosaurus </i>or <i>Clarazia</i>. Yes, their heads really were just that weird, which makes them all the more underappreciated. The derivation is instead observed in its body: Taking anguiliform swimming to a whole new degree, <i>Neohescheleria </i>has lost its forelimbs and swims much more like a sea serpent. Similar to the Cretaceous pachyophiid marine snakes, the hindlimbs still remain and are used in steering or giving quick escape-bursts. The serpentine trunk greatly helps in navigating the cluttered river environment and probing deep into crevasses and burrows where the animal can pick up and crush freshwater clams and crustaceans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Like many bursts of my creativity, <i>Iniasaurus</i> is inspired by a new book I just read, Darren Naish's brand new <i>Ancient Sea Reptiles</i>. Particularly this short passage from page 80:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">"<i>On that note, it is surprising that phytosaurs only took to marine life twice, since they look ideally suited for it. Maybe the existence of during the Triassic of ichthyosaurs, sauropterygians and other groups prevented their movement into the marine realm.</i>"</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">What Naish is probably referring to here is the fact that phytosaurs had retracted their nostrils so far up their skull that they sat right in front of the eyes. Not too dissimilar from the blowhole of cetaceans, this would have been a perfect pre-adaptation for a fully marine life. Compare that with the Jurassic-Cretaceous marine crocs, which always had their nostrils at the snout-tip, which some have even singled out as a reason for their eventual extinction. It really makes you wonder why something like <i>Iniasaurus</i> never existed... or maybe it did. Rainforest environments are usually quite bad at preserving vertebrate fossils.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">My fascination with thalattosaurs goes back a fair bit longer, in part because in the museum I work at we actually have some original fossils from Monte San Giorgio. If you want to learn more about them and other marine reptiles from the Ticino region, I can greatly recommend <i>Mesozoic Sea Dragons </i>by Olivier Rieppel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHgRnEog0LylzPo5Grjz2qwV6pYZWB4y3USvPh6vs5xXMfmzJQqYMrD6u47N0jnTxNL89LDqJCsHFphnNQ_qUb0eTf3pXKm4xEQeEOM0vkFSNDRcEb52qSW01xo5Z0n4bIHPOlTELlGFzic0DgQq1QjXAwfyB2_ZL3MIidMOyDf3x3NpFOSZVE1u_hQ/s6871/Iniasaurus%20Inverted%20Sepia.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4816" data-original-width="6871" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHgRnEog0LylzPo5Grjz2qwV6pYZWB4y3USvPh6vs5xXMfmzJQqYMrD6u47N0jnTxNL89LDqJCsHFphnNQ_qUb0eTf3pXKm4xEQeEOM0vkFSNDRcEb52qSW01xo5Z0n4bIHPOlTELlGFzic0DgQq1QjXAwfyB2_ZL3MIidMOyDf3x3NpFOSZVE1u_hQ/w640-h448/Iniasaurus%20Inverted%20Sepia.png" width="640" /></a></span></b></span></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB">If you liked this and other articles, please
consider supporting me on Patreon. I am thankful for any amount, even if it is
just 1$, as it will help me at dedicating more time to this blog and related
projects. Patrons also gain early access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB">Related Posts:</span></b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/09/what-is-har-deshur.html">What is Har Deshur?</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html">Why Brachiopods are actually pretty cool</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/02/the-life-of-charnia-masoni-and-friends.html">The Life of a Charnia masoni - A speculative Essay</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/01/lariosauro-rather-curious-cryptid.html">Lariosauro: A rather curious cryptid</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/08/hawkinspunk-spinosaurus.html">"Hawkinspunk" Spinosaurus</a><b><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB">References:</span></b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB">Butler, Richard; Jones, Andrew; Buffetaut, Eric, et al.: </span></span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Description
and phylogenetic placement of a new marine species of phytosaur
(Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Late Triassic of Austria, in: </span></span>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 187, 2019, p.198–228.<span style="font-family: times; font-weight: normal;"></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span><span lang="EN-GB">Naish, Darren: Ancient Sea Reptiles. Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs, Mosasaurs and More, Washington 2023.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Rieppel, Olivier:
Mesozoic Sea Dragons. Triassic Marine Life from the Ancient Tropical Lagoon of Monte San Giorgio, Bloomington 2019.</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></span></li></ul>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-88606644615465485662023-04-03T18:21:00.004+02:002023-04-22T13:15:27.786+02:00My evening with Trinity, the first T. rex to be auctioned off in Europe<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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<![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyUC2Kup759pEsHJMGn1BW3MBfZp84ANsF67nl8IaErnLIFTFx_GA0SmalZ2r4fuv9OFoALOYrF6GW3bxi0RNvGK_CoB1FvfKQ_KYaUMEybE3iZQyDcIDXvOBHJPwsYOhlqSlQQKgQqp2MjThBFsV55CKbvLyZ5bGMN4PA1eUqqAUk0AlFTHHQ0xt6Wg/s5184/IMG_1358.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyUC2Kup759pEsHJMGn1BW3MBfZp84ANsF67nl8IaErnLIFTFx_GA0SmalZ2r4fuv9OFoALOYrF6GW3bxi0RNvGK_CoB1FvfKQ_KYaUMEybE3iZQyDcIDXvOBHJPwsYOhlqSlQQKgQqp2MjThBFsV55CKbvLyZ5bGMN4PA1eUqqAUk0AlFTHHQ0xt6Wg/w640-h426/IMG_1358.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Yours truly, up close with Trinity.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Lately, it
really feels like the paleontology scene in Switzerland is booming. A bunch of
new finds are being made in the Jurassic mountains and the Alps, completely <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3842325/">unexpected taxa</a>
are being discovered, <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/02/gresslyosaurus-eldritch-dinosaur-that.html">brand
new species and genera are being named from old material</a> that has been
re-examined and now the world of private fossil collections has also had its
one-of-a-kind spotlight (if the latter is a good thing we will get back to
later).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0HN7Lfvvxu8BI5D4qufjQCb3NXnYTscxIueX1uIodonknT1vJTyJQEYnljBaVBToIjD1RRgQmQtPvW_uDpHKEFpNCbYcvXgwCgF4Ovc3_f7YdRHDaht8LVzT57cr6i0OoY4oDWTItGRMTpxcJwX-XSFM0BvCtLNsD09PCvT7tXBCCyjz4S9Sxo-diuA/s5184/IMG_1350.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0HN7Lfvvxu8BI5D4qufjQCb3NXnYTscxIueX1uIodonknT1vJTyJQEYnljBaVBToIjD1RRgQmQtPvW_uDpHKEFpNCbYcvXgwCgF4Ovc3_f7YdRHDaht8LVzT57cr6i0OoY4oDWTItGRMTpxcJwX-XSFM0BvCtLNsD09PCvT7tXBCCyjz4S9Sxo-diuA/w640-h426/IMG_1350.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3lbcSpuIDaAVH0T2rzrgvoeTas1c7xfIyJb9WRn3wq5ANsE_ZlmZ0yE879ZsySo6txhCySajqonLIyhXAhVEcNJEQmAvKjnwfAHHqNaGaMJxn2iexaE1MnCBC9iLoEoOF8N0sFmceLD_gso_dnfyyF-BcIH25iDawVisdCMv5Z-yI9ITuCvRh08Gz9A/s5184/IMG_1356.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3lbcSpuIDaAVH0T2rzrgvoeTas1c7xfIyJb9WRn3wq5ANsE_ZlmZ0yE879ZsySo6txhCySajqonLIyhXAhVEcNJEQmAvKjnwfAHHqNaGaMJxn2iexaE1MnCBC9iLoEoOF8N0sFmceLD_gso_dnfyyF-BcIH25iDawVisdCMv5Z-yI9ITuCvRh08Gz9A/w640-h426/IMG_1356.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2XmL8Ws_daAc5lmFZAl9kCsj_DtG_b9ed9GQ_pQA5cnUOu1vH-o0byU77RUllvF_XR4OqefkzGi2hd9hZIJYws5HR8WVhOWQIRfQXccjhaYC61L5nv66OE_AulItb-M_8n-uKzFxmPloHazErsJRHepa99rTztHfndVTSYbD8cQ5Hz0E6C0c9dAsmg/s5184/IMG_1361.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2XmL8Ws_daAc5lmFZAl9kCsj_DtG_b9ed9GQ_pQA5cnUOu1vH-o0byU77RUllvF_XR4OqefkzGi2hd9hZIJYws5HR8WVhOWQIRfQXccjhaYC61L5nv66OE_AulItb-M_8n-uKzFxmPloHazErsJRHepa99rTztHfndVTSYbD8cQ5Hz0E6C0c9dAsmg/w640-h426/IMG_1361.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1MiV4LWIU87aRhqj6RSgtsa8uYjH3tx1QI8VDlL_xZZEeaS-RjpBLKwJbnDSAtR9_nxDBkDEcdZSwB4ZUXEmiZ2MeJBv9MaD6jmMRxQ2UjVRlPakOjv9uysIy69ipk8w4GxbVwWSQqC9blnP2CoeDBoTI7abEkDzAcaOVh1ofk_JxFUULRSL4d4FQOA/s5184/IMG_1364.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1MiV4LWIU87aRhqj6RSgtsa8uYjH3tx1QI8VDlL_xZZEeaS-RjpBLKwJbnDSAtR9_nxDBkDEcdZSwB4ZUXEmiZ2MeJBv9MaD6jmMRxQ2UjVRlPakOjv9uysIy69ipk8w4GxbVwWSQqC9blnP2CoeDBoTI7abEkDzAcaOVh1ofk_JxFUULRSL4d4FQOA/w640-h426/IMG_1364.JPG" width="640" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">While not
the first major dinosaur skeleton in general (that honour goes to some
allosaurs and diplodocids in Paris), “TRX-293 Trinity” is the very first <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tyrannosaurus rex </i>skeleton to be
auctioned off in Europe and has thus had quite the media attention. Koller
Auktionen displayed the fully assembled skeleton in the Tonhalle Zürich, where
people (including potential buyers) could book a visit to inspect the skeleton
before its official auction on April 18. I had the great opportunity to go look
at it too, which I used to take as many photos of it as possible, far more
than I could fit into a single post. <a href="https://www.instagram.com/t.k.sivgin/">I have some extra ones on my Instagram</a>.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCqoErmQVeJjMK2M8KDa1p8kiB_agxbmzUDi0IzlvW4nsJCMoRoyoTEVf14SQlLVnba2PN0ea7RyVfsjANHdLp5nPWxgT5UoRxXPXeJV5nvx167nLTOI9ymDXcihr1T212rz0Cm_AnYmtGpBWxkAPBvmwJlTP8Th0VEASlkQJpWQVtNKalK9HVP0_2NA/s5184/IMG_1362.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCqoErmQVeJjMK2M8KDa1p8kiB_agxbmzUDi0IzlvW4nsJCMoRoyoTEVf14SQlLVnba2PN0ea7RyVfsjANHdLp5nPWxgT5UoRxXPXeJV5nvx167nLTOI9ymDXcihr1T212rz0Cm_AnYmtGpBWxkAPBvmwJlTP8Th0VEASlkQJpWQVtNKalK9HVP0_2NA/w640-h426/IMG_1362.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzJvpjNSkBt-xy-9245j5GTzgV4EL_BYku_s0msMvhYThm8h0MpAPPUAyAr1PpJzR7ozmW3TBv1j21Em3rRnINTfy_w-vNOW6hjWYtFA7mw1vI2PmFQ96J_k_eqB7iU4HTKdig4Sa_HEe5mefylM4f1PIglRjmLEpU4wOwTELc7IxDfRprq7GPCjecg/s5184/IMG_1367.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzJvpjNSkBt-xy-9245j5GTzgV4EL_BYku_s0msMvhYThm8h0MpAPPUAyAr1PpJzR7ozmW3TBv1j21Em3rRnINTfy_w-vNOW6hjWYtFA7mw1vI2PmFQ96J_k_eqB7iU4HTKdig4Sa_HEe5mefylM4f1PIglRjmLEpU4wOwTELc7IxDfRprq7GPCjecg/w640-h426/IMG_1367.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMwaB_P1h3-QRrs79WWtYMZkloVV0hnVouwm8FNgLMbybmLdnLD1G57actF2BRCWQFrW7qNDnmqs6BILI5m_q7u_3lint1HK60hohmYDLH4wpSSdTHi5FZDrsa-AfMYiLCPihu0tJnmSQdZghIxAiMbicwmlfdv3K2IS4XoNRMlBBkX3ONDzTEHHtLA/s5184/IMG_1368.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMwaB_P1h3-QRrs79WWtYMZkloVV0hnVouwm8FNgLMbybmLdnLD1G57actF2BRCWQFrW7qNDnmqs6BILI5m_q7u_3lint1HK60hohmYDLH4wpSSdTHi5FZDrsa-AfMYiLCPihu0tJnmSQdZghIxAiMbicwmlfdv3K2IS4XoNRMlBBkX3ONDzTEHHtLA/w640-h426/IMG_1368.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCLw9ChQVjxZG4pQVhDW1NTi6yE3E7pZUaquzf7aJ0q0QhOEs9gZ0uyWaHoaSHMXStYqPNSxZxRMts3viZ_ur3pYjwV6GzlpaQw6bzGaLYCR33ouzQ7T6jwVmVgXVknLGgwVk7qIZMNHSANnODHOggsm0h8b7MyTBsmiOTFquBJiZX7ZxnfRSkhph9Cg/s5184/IMG_1370.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCLw9ChQVjxZG4pQVhDW1NTi6yE3E7pZUaquzf7aJ0q0QhOEs9gZ0uyWaHoaSHMXStYqPNSxZxRMts3viZ_ur3pYjwV6GzlpaQw6bzGaLYCR33ouzQ7T6jwVmVgXVknLGgwVk7qIZMNHSANnODHOggsm0h8b7MyTBsmiOTFquBJiZX7ZxnfRSkhph9Cg/w640-h426/IMG_1370.JPG" width="640" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
skeleton is being sold by the Wunderkammer Gallery of Zürich, whose current
head is one Christian D. Link, who apparently had worked beforehand as a
magician for twenty years. Trinity is part of a wider auction gallery called “Out
of this World”, which will also sell a variety of other curiosities, including
fossils, meteorites, vintage astronaut gear and movie props. How exactly the gallery
had acquired the bones which make up Trinity has been a bit difficult to
discern from the information that has been available to me, though it seems to
have originally been part of a private collection from the United States.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8dQrGUhWIac_IHh5QO9hcNMzroCRM8JGO8ds26yXlTrpefjxI5qIH3CNSBzP__xOutZ7LHEsz0pFWIslDqd98vzOFBiYonCq9ZcnUiM1f_RZib-wHAUTCVlAhZ3BmyzZjz_sxiNoGH4JgBmnxm8cBOlgy8jzKa5-0khRDCm9hrgIQ6otNLT5heLIKTw/s1968/A0EB3177-F0E8-4D2C-A524-77622F727A11.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1339" data-original-width="1968" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8dQrGUhWIac_IHh5QO9hcNMzroCRM8JGO8ds26yXlTrpefjxI5qIH3CNSBzP__xOutZ7LHEsz0pFWIslDqd98vzOFBiYonCq9ZcnUiM1f_RZib-wHAUTCVlAhZ3BmyzZjz_sxiNoGH4JgBmnxm8cBOlgy8jzKa5-0khRDCm9hrgIQ6otNLT5heLIKTw/w640-h435/A0EB3177-F0E8-4D2C-A524-77622F727A11.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Click to enlarge</span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">TRX-293 consists
of 50.17% original fossil material. The full skeleton is 11.6 metres long and
stands 4.37 metres tall. It is called Trinity because the original bone
material is actually composed of three different specimens. Most of the body
comes from the specimen “Garfield County 2”, which was excavated in 2013 in the
Hell Creek Formation of Montana. This was supplemented with material from “Garfield
County 1”, which was found one year earlier from the same formation. The skull
comes from the third specimen, which was found in 2013 in the Lance Creek
Formation of Wyoming. Apparently some additional vertebrae and parts of the
hindlegs from the same formation were also added (which makes one wonder if
there are more rexes in Trinity than just three). The mount was assembled by fossil
preparator Nils Knötschke, former scientific director of the Dinosaur Museum
Münchenhagen. I briefly met Nils in person once during the <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">test-assembly
of Victoria at the Sauriermuseum</a>. He’s a nice dude, check out his Instagram.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwOtdIGz5LnBP_jLqrDm2CrmdeNpJH_ySH79aKgrFyEP-8aUN0zt_0iROpWc4HXbBpqdKvn0rFhQsMiQfLEgQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
exhibition of the skeleton was quite the event. There were a lot of people and
even security guards. There were also two balconies of different heights from
which I was able to photograph the skeleton. On the tables laid booklets containing
the skeleton’s information, as well as flyers by the <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-1.html">Sauriermuseum</a>
(which helped out with the assembly), advertising their new <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T. rex </i>special exhibit, which you will
probably get to read about here in the future. What was a bit odd about the
exhibit was the music they chose to play in the background to create
atmosphere. The use of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jurassic Park </i>theme
was pretty obvious, but I also heard tunes from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jaws</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Good, the Bad and
the Ugly</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pirates of the Caribbean</i>
and… <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shrek</i>? Do not get me wrong, I
love Shrek, but what does he have to do with dinosaurs?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA1ZOt-8lmLVXkVd4Q16lySDpcuhyZhKMGfbVB9u3r7LWgQImvvbqlEIpe86uxUZP_HQdxUy-BeTvAoSdcmGsrMg6P5lUQPzKGEID1HwbdlHlADsmcIriAXil5vMUOHRbZF0qAarTPZyVFeNrZM74Q3DM5GlhVAyN53hpAvGl_kjlIszjSh42d4kaviQ/s5184/IMG_1386.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA1ZOt-8lmLVXkVd4Q16lySDpcuhyZhKMGfbVB9u3r7LWgQImvvbqlEIpe86uxUZP_HQdxUy-BeTvAoSdcmGsrMg6P5lUQPzKGEID1HwbdlHlADsmcIriAXil5vMUOHRbZF0qAarTPZyVFeNrZM74Q3DM5GlhVAyN53hpAvGl_kjlIszjSh42d4kaviQ/w640-h426/IMG_1386.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2BEHIoyzS0rpXqzZT2higIJQYc1-pcZti252MfR4_1TEWtfQY2dT4psPemeXsK-t91xPFHFtFoGGjbDVB68s7koZbZJZmlw8JkrW8WWodofiWWIIAZ-qtU6TC4KW8d4WznHfiIwQkRS3eRYR7qp8npd0md91H-jrvGj5mLxDzVhEouIHXS1dbdMGjTw/s5184/IMG_1388.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2BEHIoyzS0rpXqzZT2higIJQYc1-pcZti252MfR4_1TEWtfQY2dT4psPemeXsK-t91xPFHFtFoGGjbDVB68s7koZbZJZmlw8JkrW8WWodofiWWIIAZ-qtU6TC4KW8d4WznHfiIwQkRS3eRYR7qp8npd0md91H-jrvGj5mLxDzVhEouIHXS1dbdMGjTw/w640-h426/IMG_1388.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRnuuvNmeZKp9Drx82tJqgm9HOiTxxNZXS2obqoWsEpo-M-XVU3kreIWou2PRawQA_7J9Wc67bUfP8ag9uMLwAwgnnfMGI34QkgZ0Tc6TB9hZiFoiUfLi2h-hem2G7RkNjPKBZ1DH-Lou3OEFjUzqm6arWEJJt9CuBJoEWVTeJqPV5hq85-SVPirnzg/s5184/IMG_1393.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRnuuvNmeZKp9Drx82tJqgm9HOiTxxNZXS2obqoWsEpo-M-XVU3kreIWou2PRawQA_7J9Wc67bUfP8ag9uMLwAwgnnfMGI34QkgZ0Tc6TB9hZiFoiUfLi2h-hem2G7RkNjPKBZ1DH-Lou3OEFjUzqm6arWEJJt9CuBJoEWVTeJqPV5hq85-SVPirnzg/w640-h426/IMG_1393.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixwculXtF5Q8GmDpOBmv2XzboQ8CVjDD5YDNiIRkU0oDfhe_6Qv62wyqDb0qMkUPsUx44dNILvV3jU2TtZ9jicOVxknNJpugHNqdEA6IrBGPcLhAy98enWg8eZ0cs3WqmUkAkPiuK-sk38RGT9aEkZselxzNUwjeqT8d-jqnOd3Rx_MP4KLBgf8QR28A/s5184/IMG_1402.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixwculXtF5Q8GmDpOBmv2XzboQ8CVjDD5YDNiIRkU0oDfhe_6Qv62wyqDb0qMkUPsUx44dNILvV3jU2TtZ9jicOVxknNJpugHNqdEA6IrBGPcLhAy98enWg8eZ0cs3WqmUkAkPiuK-sk38RGT9aEkZselxzNUwjeqT8d-jqnOd3Rx_MP4KLBgf8QR28A/w640-h426/IMG_1402.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0PkE5bc8jpC9M5JpFc1sCYsrzNfCtBTVljWujwm-g4Nbj3tCof472HobNCpJit1PacQTvhFxqt2Z1bQtLKtrdcDFezyKpKFbiR9eSsFuzLsT6SdCexQDXHHPZyhq5SXA8qbq2Q3RZbdxIGk5kspLZeSQMceXSl0YdcQqnWj1lBLCDrafvw0U5RgHnXg/s5184/IMG_1412.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0PkE5bc8jpC9M5JpFc1sCYsrzNfCtBTVljWujwm-g4Nbj3tCof472HobNCpJit1PacQTvhFxqt2Z1bQtLKtrdcDFezyKpKFbiR9eSsFuzLsT6SdCexQDXHHPZyhq5SXA8qbq2Q3RZbdxIGk5kspLZeSQMceXSl0YdcQqnWj1lBLCDrafvw0U5RgHnXg/w640-h426/IMG_1412.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO89HykjO24rr8Ad6x2e2e8c-xsizgdKJWJEuTTOV17sOnuuKz7oO0LxNaFeI6xrzDsLNSvWQnFcorsf7pcLk9fENDeErDvU-5a4bpaUOZMm959b4WtCXLj-7B5ISBKRQy6Rq75_5Sk7ngV4NuEyg1P_i4Hge_YEoWBwoHelDQ__dU9FwjRJRQxPGa-g/s5184/IMG_1421.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO89HykjO24rr8Ad6x2e2e8c-xsizgdKJWJEuTTOV17sOnuuKz7oO0LxNaFeI6xrzDsLNSvWQnFcorsf7pcLk9fENDeErDvU-5a4bpaUOZMm959b4WtCXLj-7B5ISBKRQy6Rq75_5Sk7ngV4NuEyg1P_i4Hge_YEoWBwoHelDQ__dU9FwjRJRQxPGa-g/w640-h426/IMG_1421.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Commenting
on the mount itself, everyone involved has done a pretty fantastic job. The original
bones have been excellently preparated and the dinosaur is posed in a
naturalistic striding pose. As gleaned from interviews, Nils also took great
care to pose the arms in the correct, inclined position instead of the dreaded
pronated bunny hands that still plague many older mounts.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL0KY406p9SkZhn7HMBO5BW1eQkiuHwB61VJdc8dj-7NPXXVEybwEgVTrKAx3zMWZxudkl_ue6mF8yMJtPhe6_ovvMNEdaDmfSk5NFg5LSbWSi9l6lA1eBqB7ODbFcFiSBs6r53nTXlZc1Qj4kKLLgJOu4Oo0fSIZjQF0uX50-GYNVBpXW0_XHTVzrOA/s3720/IMG_1336%20(2).JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="3720" height="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL0KY406p9SkZhn7HMBO5BW1eQkiuHwB61VJdc8dj-7NPXXVEybwEgVTrKAx3zMWZxudkl_ue6mF8yMJtPhe6_ovvMNEdaDmfSk5NFg5LSbWSi9l6lA1eBqB7ODbFcFiSBs6r53nTXlZc1Qj4kKLLgJOu4Oo0fSIZjQF0uX50-GYNVBpXW0_XHTVzrOA/w640-h594/IMG_1336%20(2).JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCpXGhvvOaPDiEblnABhqAOq7eYJ6wa1fe67dbO4FnJPx-_DXjQtazWzZTf8OYxYsyZvF3cwBV5rhj1mJI-DVu1bVLT-b3B4L9G303tqyDVbZ1Kh8B1HeJmU7CIYavsHjEFSLieR_e1v4gJSQMFkSaIfmvBnCvoFEZap4xKRvxkJC1LMbNqC89ETbHPw/s5184/IMG_1373.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCpXGhvvOaPDiEblnABhqAOq7eYJ6wa1fe67dbO4FnJPx-_DXjQtazWzZTf8OYxYsyZvF3cwBV5rhj1mJI-DVu1bVLT-b3B4L9G303tqyDVbZ1Kh8B1HeJmU7CIYavsHjEFSLieR_e1v4gJSQMFkSaIfmvBnCvoFEZap4xKRvxkJC1LMbNqC89ETbHPw/w640-h426/IMG_1373.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VzSCPbEY5_RC33X8S87FUqhMo3YPeB8KdLSfPbpqvhCe9xg74kymNcSm7GxN6GFrNCaVs6dCKkYS9y0NjtIceclYsl6THIV_JpOX5pyN-Bi63aDZPMestRSWcbgXh5byxcx6aNxOnEDqRQ9y7Mj_U24QcWJoPIghbqIUsTnzXonS2QTOoFFNXXcfhA/s5184/IMG_1376.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VzSCPbEY5_RC33X8S87FUqhMo3YPeB8KdLSfPbpqvhCe9xg74kymNcSm7GxN6GFrNCaVs6dCKkYS9y0NjtIceclYsl6THIV_JpOX5pyN-Bi63aDZPMestRSWcbgXh5byxcx6aNxOnEDqRQ9y7Mj_U24QcWJoPIghbqIUsTnzXonS2QTOoFFNXXcfhA/w640-h426/IMG_1376.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCMaJWf8cbkqvPhmiJ2h8Wmu5ihmD1eYbqs-k3_UeX4q1GVQ4RC9dkmgfEGmZBeCjT9x7o2ynKjXbdeF239m6JkJuBo-xybQdxmlLzMHmam5D1um5vja3XlxjbRW45H0OStvq-vaC49Jw4cn8Q4dBC9ZmMfvBZOESFJ67uVQT_TpuUfb2tGnWS9CC23w/s5184/IMG_1381.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCMaJWf8cbkqvPhmiJ2h8Wmu5ihmD1eYbqs-k3_UeX4q1GVQ4RC9dkmgfEGmZBeCjT9x7o2ynKjXbdeF239m6JkJuBo-xybQdxmlLzMHmam5D1um5vja3XlxjbRW45H0OStvq-vaC49Jw4cn8Q4dBC9ZmMfvBZOESFJ67uVQT_TpuUfb2tGnWS9CC23w/w640-h426/IMG_1381.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUfxZLwZEeaNl68Y7CYHVoAapYDe0S-dgrocQrLmWYt916C9FpUuEYf2gENNaoHQpFaFIpZIylr0vNJ73RI_yOFnZHloMES1B8NRSgF1L13srspULSudludQlIOob-LUfRweqXt-b_yc1Kdh2Wto8Sco0RSsZHpbBYuMK_VvvRBuz3chG9wTulZgFCoQ/s5184/IMG_1382.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUfxZLwZEeaNl68Y7CYHVoAapYDe0S-dgrocQrLmWYt916C9FpUuEYf2gENNaoHQpFaFIpZIylr0vNJ73RI_yOFnZHloMES1B8NRSgF1L13srspULSudludQlIOob-LUfRweqXt-b_yc1Kdh2Wto8Sco0RSsZHpbBYuMK_VvvRBuz3chG9wTulZgFCoQ/w640-h426/IMG_1382.JPG" width="640" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Oh yeah,
and I also took that hand-puppet I <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/12/tetzoocon-2022-day-1.html">got from
London</a> with me. His name’s Dr. Spondylus and he was thrilled.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The T.
rex in the room</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Of course,
this reportage would be incomplete without addressing a quite controversial
topic, which is the question of how ethical it is to auction off a fossil of
this calibre to (likely) private buyers. I have commented surprisingly little
on this topic before, even though I myself own a little collection of fossils I
found or bought myself. But most of that consists of invertebrates, <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html">which
barely anyone cares for</a>. Privately owning entire dinosaur skeletons is a
whole other level that understandably has some quite problematic aspects to it.
These are specimens that are exceedingly rare and often of high scientific
value, so it becomes quite frustrating when they are owned by private, often
anonymous people who sometimes do not even offer the possibility of having the
specimens be examined by researchers. Some quite notable specimens that would
offer us great insight have been blocked off from scientific study that
way. On the other hand, sometimes public museums simply do not have the means or
finances to dig out such specimens or to preparate them, potentially leaving
them exposed in the ground to erode away forever. Here I would like to quote Dr.
Dennis Hansen (my boss) from the Zoological Museum of Zürich:</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">For
wealthy people who don’t know how to dig for dinosaurs, but who are still interested
in dinosaurs and want to buy them, I see it the same way as art collecting. Art
historians would also like every single important painting to be in the public
realm. But experience has shown us that sooner or later that happens anyway.
There are enough dinosaurs out there for everyone. Basically, there are just
not enough people digging for them at the moment. And any dinosaur that is
unearthed in the US, at least on private land, is fair game for sale. If it’s
bought by a private collector, sooner or later, experience shows time and time
again that it ends up in a public museum anyway. Many of today’s large public
museums in major cities were started by private collectors, or their
collections were built up around private collections. You need to have both
private and museum collectors, because it’s a little bit of a symbiosis, and
simply seeing it as black and white is really not productive to my mind. And
dinosaurs are not dug up from deep below the surface. When you find a dinosaur,
it’s because it's already eroding away. If no one comes to along to dig it out
within two or three generations, it will completely disappear anyway. So if we
have to wait two or three generations for a private collector or their grandchildren
to donate it to a museum, that’s fine. I mean, the dinosaur is already 66
million years old. What’s a few human generations between friends?”</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">While I do not fully agree with Dennis that it is purely a question of
time*,
he at least offers a more positive outlook. After all, the </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">T. rex</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Stan, who in 2020 was sold to an anonymous buyer
for almost $32 million is now planned to return a museum again (the Natural
History Museum of Abu Dhabi, which is still under construction), so there are
plenty of precedents for this even in recent times. One also has to ask how
much scientific value Trinity offers, given how, unlike Stan or Sue, it is not
a single near-complete skeleton but a chimaera of multiple individuals. Of
course, each individual bone offers data that is of value, depending on what
one is looking for, but a complex life history can probably not be gleaned from
this specimen as can be done with complete dinosaurs like Big Al. <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/07/diplodocus-history-of-reconstructions.html">Similar
to Dippy</a>, Trinity is more of a showpiece.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">*</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: small;">One has to ask for example what happens when a rich
family simply refuses to donate a specimen even if the original buyer dies,
they somehow lose it, damage it or do not keep up with its documentation. Legally,
there is nothing that would prevent one from buying an original Van Gogh and
scribbling a bunch of stickmen on it, since one can do with their property what
they want.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx8FRC1lw8Iha3752-np_yDwcA4liVESHzY54snF3TGzTwcW4gtDB2LHe-vSXXvW76Q8unpivhZcKHvqjHAe6RALDNc8Z3H_0yiEHuyCL3APwS1uNTYbbz2851NFdyDcdCKIOOKdBqFYF2By1dLBwPfVKry2VI7y56smqxBk3Cq67iFIDEdvrMsRGVJg/s5184/IMG_1409.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx8FRC1lw8Iha3752-np_yDwcA4liVESHzY54snF3TGzTwcW4gtDB2LHe-vSXXvW76Q8unpivhZcKHvqjHAe6RALDNc8Z3H_0yiEHuyCL3APwS1uNTYbbz2851NFdyDcdCKIOOKdBqFYF2By1dLBwPfVKry2VI7y56smqxBk3Cq67iFIDEdvrMsRGVJg/w640-h426/IMG_1409.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj17iSXv5K9Tpp10Lj7OyoErTB6LX2mKbdGFWKecYSltRFCM1UnZ7QVJsxoff8bRDeECv-l9ETlEBfnL75aaeGYslw1bz8u7IShv_RxYoVuT0ucGHxf__3JRntQoUdsSo4TOKPLZI6Au5JmieocRcGnuQKWgHiRlnJIG1a-SjG4ZCzY-T9zEGqjPZYQg/s5184/IMG_1404.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj17iSXv5K9Tpp10Lj7OyoErTB6LX2mKbdGFWKecYSltRFCM1UnZ7QVJsxoff8bRDeECv-l9ETlEBfnL75aaeGYslw1bz8u7IShv_RxYoVuT0ucGHxf__3JRntQoUdsSo4TOKPLZI6Au5JmieocRcGnuQKWgHiRlnJIG1a-SjG4ZCzY-T9zEGqjPZYQg/w640-h426/IMG_1404.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLZjxYg6nuFLTs4Y35jaMek68h5D2kcXRoCy6xbDj0cxFiJQ49x4DYpqOAkETzqApv5HDTjlvU6skNs5szvW-1fAuplUguNJqzgfREWka2349xefSass9j0CxEcge915flVpEOXj-_3tHPmDaKfFZJlX7rxNe2TH1E53g_LjDe40b4eRE4CcJ5mWBhg/s5184/IMG_1391.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLZjxYg6nuFLTs4Y35jaMek68h5D2kcXRoCy6xbDj0cxFiJQ49x4DYpqOAkETzqApv5HDTjlvU6skNs5szvW-1fAuplUguNJqzgfREWka2349xefSass9j0CxEcge915flVpEOXj-_3tHPmDaKfFZJlX7rxNe2TH1E53g_LjDe40b4eRE4CcJ5mWBhg/w640-h426/IMG_1391.JPG" width="640" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Trinity will be auctioned off on the 18th of April. Its estimated value
is between 5 and 8 million CHF (5.4 – 8.6 USD). Included with the skeleton will
also be a bone-map of the mount, photos from the field and the dig sites, a
quarry map of one of the specimens and the right to reproduce the original
bones. The bidding, I heard, will start at 4 million. Who do you think will buy
it? Who do you <i>hope </i>will buy it? What would you do with this skeleton if you could have it?<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">If you liked this and other articles, please
consider supporting me on Patreon. I am thankful for any amount, even if it is
just 1$, as it will help me at dedicating more time to this blog and related
projects. Patrons also gain early access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Related Posts:</span></b></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/02/gresslyosaurus-eldritch-dinosaur-that.html">Gresslyosaurus:
The Eldritch Dinosaur that turned its Discoverer insane?</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-1.html">Visiting
the Sauriermuseum Aathal - Part 1: The Howe Quarry Dinosaurs</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">Behind
the scenes of the Sauriermuseum, with Victoria the Hesperosaurus</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/07/diplodocus-history-of-reconstructions.html">Diplodocus:
A history of reconstructions - Part 1</a></span></li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">References:</span></b></span></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://kollerauktionen.auctioneersvault.com/catalogues/TRX-293/index.html">Koller:
TRX-293 Trinity, Zürich 2023</a>.</span></li></ul><p>
</p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-18729729860115768822023-02-16T11:44:00.000+01:002023-02-16T11:44:19.828+01:00A crinoid barge<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw-UtqCDI83SnIxlpTpIZUg69DK7QXmMqm1CyTgxL0VfvayIxIOfTkuyAqcF-fjdV-qosT2xYNKmehIaDyTEGznlXeW5RbE6nl3JJs-MFEEDFDvBj1MI8Ny7MFTNtv9qqDVY9Qawu4Uqmo8n9dma6tfxFe48UwFZUYOcDRB7fcXHujiSxLTlTifPuxZw/s5798/Mesozoische%20Wirbellose.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5798" data-original-width="4816" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw-UtqCDI83SnIxlpTpIZUg69DK7QXmMqm1CyTgxL0VfvayIxIOfTkuyAqcF-fjdV-qosT2xYNKmehIaDyTEGznlXeW5RbE6nl3JJs-MFEEDFDvBj1MI8Ny7MFTNtv9qqDVY9Qawu4Uqmo8n9dma6tfxFe48UwFZUYOcDRB7fcXHujiSxLTlTifPuxZw/w532-h640/Mesozoische%20Wirbellose.JPG" width="532" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A small crinoid barge, formed by sea lilies attaching themselves to the bottom of floating driftwood. These things unfortunately do not exist anymore, as the evolution of shipworms (a type of wood-consuming bivalve) has strongly reduced the amount of driftwood in our oceans.</span></span><br /></div>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-35808819696100772722023-01-20T16:47:00.002+01:002023-01-20T16:47:42.474+01:00Antique Paleoart: The most illegal photos of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs<p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-OTM01UQceDuidG5ZaKXscsm83_DLD8XeP-4zwVaXvBEjgNtcEdefPd6NhUpnTwALZDGBvU56KrlVQHMSL-ZRoseMeWZivFeBaih7lrp0UtoFFPc_tr96LFUXwwiuOzJ7dcGZslGY6mBdI_LfLlb0zMj5EGIkPyNhFgRF9dB3v_lc2AsMfvf4EH_Grw/s4032/91B3EF26-B600-440B-B57C-BA23768EEC91.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-OTM01UQceDuidG5ZaKXscsm83_DLD8XeP-4zwVaXvBEjgNtcEdefPd6NhUpnTwALZDGBvU56KrlVQHMSL-ZRoseMeWZivFeBaih7lrp0UtoFFPc_tr96LFUXwwiuOzJ7dcGZslGY6mBdI_LfLlb0zMj5EGIkPyNhFgRF9dB3v_lc2AsMfvf4EH_Grw/w640-h480/91B3EF26-B600-440B-B57C-BA23768EEC91.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">As you probably know, last month I was in London for <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/12/tetzoocon-2022-day-1.html">my first ever Tetzoocon</a>. But I was also there for a bunch of other stuff. One of them was the famous Crystal Palace Geological Court. While Tetzoocon offered a guided tour by Darren Naish through the park, I unfortunately could not attend that as it fell on the same day as our return flight. Therefore, me and my girlfriend went there by ourselves a day before the convention...</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7JNsHEsjxDfDffSTcLE755a9n7QpE4zm-BX02g85BiI-hwho_Jcgc5Pey3e_BiuwFBmr60nsXQKOixCU3xj79e0yvZ8CYqLI7K8mhsE6Lw3ghRctcZnD-ssehW74B7pCFvTgI-vg0SFv1xVpSITbg9ElQ5uLPam1RZqGjEP32LDvcKe2ygIiQxTNRgg/s4032/042F907B-4C79-4624-8C99-9BF4BE7C277C.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7JNsHEsjxDfDffSTcLE755a9n7QpE4zm-BX02g85BiI-hwho_Jcgc5Pey3e_BiuwFBmr60nsXQKOixCU3xj79e0yvZ8CYqLI7K8mhsE6Lw3ghRctcZnD-ssehW74B7pCFvTgI-vg0SFv1xVpSITbg9ElQ5uLPam1RZqGjEP32LDvcKe2ygIiQxTNRgg/w400-h300/042F907B-4C79-4624-8C99-9BF4BE7C277C.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">... just to unfortunately discover that the whole area was fenced off! Why? Apparently due to some construction work being done on the park's National Sports Centre. However, that stadium was quite removed from the place and none of that construction seems to have affected the area of the Geological Court, as there was no equipment, workers or anything dangerous even remotely close to the statues. It was a quite baffling decision by whoever was responsible. Pissed does not even describe how I felt, as, not knowing if I would ever return to London, this was the only opportunity I had to see Hawkins' famous statues in person. So we did something we probably should not have...</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhek2UBQ4mNJk3e-HUVMCHq5JRPgatD9Jmg6jgQC3nSVK4AmhEKLgksGl5l4915V-Xymn6Y72gnw9dpfeYLihIerLMidv6DQ62S-2TDW84X5bO8GTtpBDx4lJlqDFZqEctuAABX7HfCM_6505dNHLmu1FWjUXIDz5-bBEb9_-S2acHlzvV76ZwLXU2ACA/s2048/2A1DC9D7-97B3-439A-BCF8-AC1DE1ECCEDB.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="946" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhek2UBQ4mNJk3e-HUVMCHq5JRPgatD9Jmg6jgQC3nSVK4AmhEKLgksGl5l4915V-Xymn6Y72gnw9dpfeYLihIerLMidv6DQ62S-2TDW84X5bO8GTtpBDx4lJlqDFZqEctuAABX7HfCM_6505dNHLmu1FWjUXIDz5-bBEb9_-S2acHlzvV76ZwLXU2ACA/w296-h640/2A1DC9D7-97B3-439A-BCF8-AC1DE1ECCEDB.jpeg" width="296" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">... and entered through a gap in the fence. Likely not the most legal thing to do, but in my defence, <a href="https://tetzoo.com/blog/2022/12/7/the-ninth-and-largest-of-the-tetrapod-zoology-conventions">Naish's guided tour </a>apparently had to resort to the same means, as even by Monday the fence had not been lifted for Tetzoocon. The photos I am thus showing in this post may therefore possibly be among the most illegal ones ever taken of the statues, so I hope you enjoy them. At the start of our tour into the forbidden land was the southern point of the Secondary Islands, inhabited by the labyrinthodonts.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-f0EhFNhmYsyRZ2rxu_NNftMM78ISjKWp91Qa_72FY2Gjc-CuAv7roP4GcFRQ1fMWD7Unem8ZpmcTgi-XL8vaRFlv1o5wFz-nPgk80btJJJYrqe6DqKxmf_NczRYdWVtJPwmfFHrVge0x6i56UHIKTXt-GQP-ghnNngtNwEsKGwEZnKPlYfhYJUdB1g/s4032/2A91C9A3-0CE2-4619-923D-9B7DF9A57359.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-f0EhFNhmYsyRZ2rxu_NNftMM78ISjKWp91Qa_72FY2Gjc-CuAv7roP4GcFRQ1fMWD7Unem8ZpmcTgi-XL8vaRFlv1o5wFz-nPgk80btJJJYrqe6DqKxmf_NczRYdWVtJPwmfFHrVge0x6i56UHIKTXt-GQP-ghnNngtNwEsKGwEZnKPlYfhYJUdB1g/w640-h480/2A91C9A3-0CE2-4619-923D-9B7DF9A57359.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcLvsFAApkWEm38yQVYFyqZtZ0hj2EUbRtnvo9A51_2x3L1AKAjqLnD_aWVX5uZ6-hbu6_08QCV_2GcMk7c7IqMk_qNeTCH66XmbR0qLifkn0_21UPZoPvpqegwBYBMLwXE7crlzbHEHmzukyP_6jBAOwMpnjhmyvq2m3bJ9-Add-Ax7qx8HTjR5va4g/s4032/7F9FD76D-53AE-4B3D-8BF7-61CB973EA35E.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcLvsFAApkWEm38yQVYFyqZtZ0hj2EUbRtnvo9A51_2x3L1AKAjqLnD_aWVX5uZ6-hbu6_08QCV_2GcMk7c7IqMk_qNeTCH66XmbR0qLifkn0_21UPZoPvpqegwBYBMLwXE7crlzbHEHmzukyP_6jBAOwMpnjhmyvq2m3bJ9-Add-Ax7qx8HTjR5va4g/w640-h480/7F9FD76D-53AE-4B3D-8BF7-61CB973EA35E.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjneDZh5fq3hOKnLBewJyhyboaGQKoTIcf183JQU5YAiUrXm4C4yDsRXGhUKolXYC4uT1OjYwQLLClv7MDTV0UVNIwDbvTsMTqSYZSK8PYGimoMGjZmZIjIiS6RVMxeL53YvU7LVWARd0zstNkh5E7cA5E1pnwxx3ANB3wB0VATiTWCo-JcGyW1CA5lsw/s4032/C0F06E33-6E79-4DBE-9DC5-4D1CB9091E55.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjneDZh5fq3hOKnLBewJyhyboaGQKoTIcf183JQU5YAiUrXm4C4yDsRXGhUKolXYC4uT1OjYwQLLClv7MDTV0UVNIwDbvTsMTqSYZSK8PYGimoMGjZmZIjIiS6RVMxeL53YvU7LVWARd0zstNkh5E7cA5E1pnwxx3ANB3wB0VATiTWCo-JcGyW1CA5lsw/w400-h300/C0F06E33-6E79-4DBE-9DC5-4D1CB9091E55.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The two species depicted by Hawkins for the court were one <i>Labyrinthodon salamandroides </i>(today classified as <i>Mastodonsaurus giganteus</i>) and two <i>L. pachygnathus </i>(today seen as an indeterminate mastodonsaurid). Their mistaken frog-like appearance stems not just from the fact that they were related to modern amphibians but curiously also because, at the time, the pelvic and limb bones of the ctenosauriscid archosaur <i>Bromsgrovia walkeri </i>were wrongly assigned to this genus, giving the impression of an animal with strong hindlegs (Witton & Michel 2022). Furthermore, Richard Owen, on whom Hawkins partially based his reconstructions, thought that the labyrinthodonts were<a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/04/antique-paleoart-geology-and.html"> responsible for the famous <i>Chirotherium </i>footprints</a>, thinking that their odd arrangement was caused by an animal with abnornmally long hindlegs. Today we know these ichnofossils to have been produced by early archosaurs or archosauriforms... which in hindsight means the inclusion of <i>Bromsgrovia </i>in the reconstruction of these models is not that bad.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuDZ3v98AimYZw-CtZoaiKySWX-F_9R5ySc1vgixLCoJ4paiRsEz5sruHRpRkcc-aYlg5Wgxoyc1l-9Yo5nmJ2ArHiZMdqJqHOV6OmAVcetrVARZBqRh1CzDtXjD0StgWlFCdtMBIfAVFKToqPf2QSeBE9QeozvCs6ufvopyc8hLrYXPguFWw5WyerLQ/s4032/71530597-3C59-47E2-88F9-A5DB29FA339D.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuDZ3v98AimYZw-CtZoaiKySWX-F_9R5ySc1vgixLCoJ4paiRsEz5sruHRpRkcc-aYlg5Wgxoyc1l-9Yo5nmJ2ArHiZMdqJqHOV6OmAVcetrVARZBqRh1CzDtXjD0StgWlFCdtMBIfAVFKToqPf2QSeBE9QeozvCs6ufvopyc8hLrYXPguFWw5WyerLQ/w640-h480/71530597-3C59-47E2-88F9-A5DB29FA339D.jpeg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFdaobXFSoTbay_99AVzljLD0HPI10zFcFEm1pPPrRNg0nfL8wKfeAd6gOZCCStg7p0ET6ExKY5mZQLm49x-_U7ZZvy4oPvXwT_ai-VktAjYqpAjTWLmlSxYWXA7i9oCQ3259WycOc8oF35Geg7ZRZUfROIF7Nej-1HfPehCZSXqL83Woc-W85GoOHYA/s4032/6606E7DB-675B-4409-96DD-4941303B6E21.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFdaobXFSoTbay_99AVzljLD0HPI10zFcFEm1pPPrRNg0nfL8wKfeAd6gOZCCStg7p0ET6ExKY5mZQLm49x-_U7ZZvy4oPvXwT_ai-VktAjYqpAjTWLmlSxYWXA7i9oCQ3259WycOc8oF35Geg7ZRZUfROIF7Nej-1HfPehCZSXqL83Woc-W85GoOHYA/w400-h300/6606E7DB-675B-4409-96DD-4941303B6E21.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">On the same island lived the two dicynodonts, of which I unfortunately could not get a good angle. These are <i>Dicynodon lacerticeps </i>(still valid) and <i>Dicynodon strigiceps </i>(indeterminate dicynodont today). There is not much I can say about these except that they are adorable, no matter how outdated they may be. It is interesting to note that while the body is obviously modelled after modern snapping turtles, the models, if you look closely enough, do not have an enveloping shell like a true turtle but only a carapace covering the back. As you can unfortunately see, the statues were also covered in quite a bit of moss and lichen, with <i>D. lacerticeps</i> having an obvious crack in its right leg.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu9vC_ZLjXqOsWhPie36FIe5qu9fb-w2rF1ObYAwdRqfvRYosZ2mLRLygQb2v-OnU6ekjyYGBXUJZxSeB0h4FM53IdFXNaa8eaDroLkokAqriVlideZNpPwusJYRY-QFN0vlOAW6nZwJ4HkwDBPzB0BYGcKhUan_F6iFlwAmAx1CTQt3l_ndY7fudr9w/s4032/31DEFBEB-11C7-45E7-B5A9-399C46C53393.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu9vC_ZLjXqOsWhPie36FIe5qu9fb-w2rF1ObYAwdRqfvRYosZ2mLRLygQb2v-OnU6ekjyYGBXUJZxSeB0h4FM53IdFXNaa8eaDroLkokAqriVlideZNpPwusJYRY-QFN0vlOAW6nZwJ4HkwDBPzB0BYGcKhUan_F6iFlwAmAx1CTQt3l_ndY7fudr9w/w640-h480/31DEFBEB-11C7-45E7-B5A9-399C46C53393.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ5XlvpBqDsQveuGj05WcJQFw4UuTYyvs8Ck7M-cBEZ_Sy4OSGwOCRYVOUFZk3BZxZcLNeLogVwX9yFkOnepPPrJNZps8mkkfXjxPwRsKo2cquiGo74SvrinpgqKQvWvTqsGMdbCtUVTe9KfLZ2sflpRyHSEXJo3AopusX1Qe8cJ8DGjal3dJqp5mTbQ/s4032/204D5844-5789-41EC-9F30-A7FA32249E69.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ5XlvpBqDsQveuGj05WcJQFw4UuTYyvs8Ck7M-cBEZ_Sy4OSGwOCRYVOUFZk3BZxZcLNeLogVwX9yFkOnepPPrJNZps8mkkfXjxPwRsKo2cquiGo74SvrinpgqKQvWvTqsGMdbCtUVTe9KfLZ2sflpRyHSEXJo3AopusX1Qe8cJ8DGjal3dJqp5mTbQ/w480-h640/204D5844-5789-41EC-9F30-A7FA32249E69.jpeg" width="480" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijVRUR-sAokHYmFYfeg_nL5kGZfydXxyFFZu9zkuZ1xpuZIu7t3Qxk1pHr-r6MX608CxK4_aHxrNq7kaEJTexbahSQGbfAlqRuQ2hxj2JmF8fUcKTEQwijehZeCBVlFjgdMrGpoAeNzTp3k8P6CxoqAq7K5oYlq_TngaFMrY7h-QNFTrVffe5hE6NhIQ/s4032/A5264E64-4BC6-4C9F-AC81-67325C20B6C7.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijVRUR-sAokHYmFYfeg_nL5kGZfydXxyFFZu9zkuZ1xpuZIu7t3Qxk1pHr-r6MX608CxK4_aHxrNq7kaEJTexbahSQGbfAlqRuQ2hxj2JmF8fUcKTEQwijehZeCBVlFjgdMrGpoAeNzTp3k8P6CxoqAq7K5oYlq_TngaFMrY7h-QNFTrVffe5hE6NhIQ/w400-h300/A5264E64-4BC6-4C9F-AC81-67325C20B6C7.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Next came the various marine reptiles of the Jurassic, basking and swimming along the autumn shores. The ichthyosaurs are <i>Ichthyosaurus communis</i> (the large one at the back where you only see the front half), next to it <i>I. tenuirostris </i>(today <i>Leptonectes</i>) and at the front <i>I. platyodon </i>(today <i>Temnodontosaurus</i>). I find it a bit funny that <i>I. communis</i> was reconstructed as such a large beast. While Owen did think at the time that it could grow this large (Witton & Michel 2022), it is known today that it was among the smaller ichthyosaurs, about as imposing as a dolphin. As you can see especially on the <i>Temnodontosaurus</i>, the statues were also in a bit of disrepair, though at least the <i>I. communis</i> seems to have undergone recent restoration.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq30lKX0Ox3LJhMTF7NZMc6GdGXhg3gSEPdBhVYXWNwQMvch-0LlwxH_KCuC9Q2vTn5na3VYQ55DR19d8LLVFouJ0xpaxXtKr6vZXEyMwM7eV01meVmcWOaNFtQkOKKZMntL6dtPPpdp9uA9xK-clZ5XXneH0YnV_Ouws075spxIpbQ74fmh_WPROsrg/s4032/8B29A638-E201-47DD-A412-BA408E8BE4C4.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq30lKX0Ox3LJhMTF7NZMc6GdGXhg3gSEPdBhVYXWNwQMvch-0LlwxH_KCuC9Q2vTn5na3VYQ55DR19d8LLVFouJ0xpaxXtKr6vZXEyMwM7eV01meVmcWOaNFtQkOKKZMntL6dtPPpdp9uA9xK-clZ5XXneH0YnV_Ouws075spxIpbQ74fmh_WPROsrg/w640-h480/8B29A638-E201-47DD-A412-BA408E8BE4C4.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Among the plesiosaurs we find <i>Plesiosaurus macrocephalus</i> (the leftmost one, today seen as an indeterminate rhomalaeosaurid, possibly a juvenile <i>Thaumatodracon</i>), <i>Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus </i>(the snakey one in the middle, still valid) and <i>Plesiosaurus hawkinsii </i>(the one next to the tail of the <i>Temnodontosaurus</i>, today <i>Thalassiodracon</i>). Gotta love their serpentine and amphibious motions. An interesting thing I learned about the <i>P. macrocephalus</i> model is that its original head has gone completely missing (allegedly due to damage during the Second World War) and has been replaced by a copy from the <i>P. hawkinsii</i> model (Witton & Michel 2022). Originally, the <i>Macrocephalus </i>had a, well, larger head that more accurately reflected its rhomalaeosaurid nature.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5xunIBhOfpYpJBChIOqlD2r_71KvSfSCHitYwnwoGkX_K6G1AF39_OsEOOzFSSQhPomHlOIB899tmtICJKwWo91BblN5-qJGXtDkDN-SqtoDWjQL1q-BbDUh5S8JrlpeIuF942WzvkkEjW1ARu0C8FvzDVyDKbFyTtpmm5QuumpvVQettwYu_aJuntA/s4032/359EC5D8-1A02-4BE8-B7E3-1EA6E314802D.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5xunIBhOfpYpJBChIOqlD2r_71KvSfSCHitYwnwoGkX_K6G1AF39_OsEOOzFSSQhPomHlOIB899tmtICJKwWo91BblN5-qJGXtDkDN-SqtoDWjQL1q-BbDUh5S8JrlpeIuF942WzvkkEjW1ARu0C8FvzDVyDKbFyTtpmm5QuumpvVQettwYu_aJuntA/w640-h480/359EC5D8-1A02-4BE8-B7E3-1EA6E314802D.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16-64zn1pQcXwadBTmcKjapshTfOU0FL952vK18rn7q7by5GwFecOxwhAAoRskiKOchr2xsZT7LVcK07iyMQkyDI3bvt7wOwNGQlfAyR1QWxhnKustw4AwNgI_GY6YL-x2VIA4CYVvHLvBnGnLkW1oaUx9nFJGTX8zHVevfjg4Un2xaSC5KXJZy6wcQ/s4032/64859004-2A6B-429F-8544-7EC89D05A369.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16-64zn1pQcXwadBTmcKjapshTfOU0FL952vK18rn7q7by5GwFecOxwhAAoRskiKOchr2xsZT7LVcK07iyMQkyDI3bvt7wOwNGQlfAyR1QWxhnKustw4AwNgI_GY6YL-x2VIA4CYVvHLvBnGnLkW1oaUx9nFJGTX8zHVevfjg4Un2xaSC5KXJZy6wcQ/w400-h300/64859004-2A6B-429F-8544-7EC89D05A369.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Then there were of course the teleosaurs, usually identified as <i>Teleosaurus chapmani </i>(today probably <i>Macrospondylus bollensis</i>). Hawkins obviously modelled and posed them with reference to gharials, which, given the fossils, was a pretty obvious decision. Ironically though, these seemingly easy to reconstruct creatures show one of the more obvious errors in Hawkins' work. Even during his own time it was well known that teleosaurs had an odd armor arrangement, where the back was covered by two rows of plates and the belly by osteoderm sheets, producing an almost turtle-like arrangement (Witton & Michel 2022). But Hawkins seems to instead have simply used modern crocodilians as a reference for the skin instead of the already well-documented fossil data.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioNfdjJxXERD_Fa4Hk8wtqL2Do7OWwl_dTIiSQQnyC1OZrS3c0qsQoJXbA5ITQ9k9ezy6d5sNZPzVPvngziNqksGyVfzwjokbGAUMw_9rv49yMyfwqm9cOX1YcvinROJILNudBpL3hi6HhGYsFRwFHwfm4UdxkcPJL0c0BzTiRYDiyL0cpNqd41GApnA/s4032/05E0105B-E769-4647-A3FE-A99D79D8CE5E.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioNfdjJxXERD_Fa4Hk8wtqL2Do7OWwl_dTIiSQQnyC1OZrS3c0qsQoJXbA5ITQ9k9ezy6d5sNZPzVPvngziNqksGyVfzwjokbGAUMw_9rv49yMyfwqm9cOX1YcvinROJILNudBpL3hi6HhGYsFRwFHwfm4UdxkcPJL0c0BzTiRYDiyL0cpNqd41GApnA/w640-h480/05E0105B-E769-4647-A3FE-A99D79D8CE5E.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Then of course come the dinosaurs, who I think looked very pretty when surrounded by these autumny colours. Seeing these famous statues up close for the very first time really was an experience. Especially the <i>Megalosaurus bucklandii </i>was imposing, stalking through the primeval landscape with no less menace than any Hollywood <i>T. rex</i>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTPow3-WqEygcLICfBNQXle8rk19vhwtzP_P0H1E9dTiT2LWZM-AQKg8a86OdI0qgvDabWRIWxh92KYX8qWE0MoT6Oe-IX5BJ_TXL-aSuG1wOz_jU9EIQMOyvw99TQHGV1nJJq5Vdgu15mofP9rgc4fg72Iycz7uAARt74DUK4XVaV9XctIGYSCuJ47w/s4032/E9F6A2F5-1572-46B5-8798-EE7EBCF1E4E5.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTPow3-WqEygcLICfBNQXle8rk19vhwtzP_P0H1E9dTiT2LWZM-AQKg8a86OdI0qgvDabWRIWxh92KYX8qWE0MoT6Oe-IX5BJ_TXL-aSuG1wOz_jU9EIQMOyvw99TQHGV1nJJq5Vdgu15mofP9rgc4fg72Iycz7uAARt74DUK4XVaV9XctIGYSCuJ47w/w640-h480/E9F6A2F5-1572-46B5-8798-EE7EBCF1E4E5.jpeg" width="640" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOOaZapSZlDM_8Asjby5FYkQLPXzCHjPxVcvkxb86d5twn_3oXV6vL59pDTqQe0p9Af45_4q3j3p91VmGuCBCVY06Us_WEYOl8DcvVz4sqvszNYpl2GRTKoUtwTaxGCzZ8F4ukhFYygi8U0obZ1T9B6z2QritfcrzsI3dstfwGnl8T7rFLWlotKiDuTw/s4032/2C436E4E-96AD-4167-8142-E987C9D3CBDE.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOOaZapSZlDM_8Asjby5FYkQLPXzCHjPxVcvkxb86d5twn_3oXV6vL59pDTqQe0p9Af45_4q3j3p91VmGuCBCVY06Us_WEYOl8DcvVz4sqvszNYpl2GRTKoUtwTaxGCzZ8F4ukhFYygi8U0obZ1T9B6z2QritfcrzsI3dstfwGnl8T7rFLWlotKiDuTw/w640-h480/2C436E4E-96AD-4167-8142-E987C9D3CBDE.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><i>Hylaeosaurus armatus </i>was unfortunately turned away from the visitor path, though this was by Hawkins' design, maybe to show off its armour spikes. I did thankfully make a picture of its original concrete head, displayed at the top of the hill opposite the islands (the head on the current statue is a fibreglass replica). The head is honestly not all that bad of an approximation for an ankylosaur, which is funny, given that Hawkins actually reconstructed this skull based off a stegosaur jaw and sauropod teeth (Witton & Michel 2022).</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTiylgxpvY2LHsxWRlXMoISlnJGQK81yQYF_6Z0H_Fjg8yCIS0DiiHpcY9gyw2QDkzw5eolR3Mzi60Id8egpoY8bBi2YllB1FyBO8gv592zQBTZkjX5dW3wYsq8arnDLI2spdYxBqTE1i2GTFPshx6SQIxxFhOq7K2uZ4H_2qphiy5T9SxtmNN34uklA/s4032/CC68CD6F-1715-4113-BAF6-6F6810EB3525.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTiylgxpvY2LHsxWRlXMoISlnJGQK81yQYF_6Z0H_Fjg8yCIS0DiiHpcY9gyw2QDkzw5eolR3Mzi60Id8egpoY8bBi2YllB1FyBO8gv592zQBTZkjX5dW3wYsq8arnDLI2spdYxBqTE1i2GTFPshx6SQIxxFhOq7K2uZ4H_2qphiy5T9SxtmNN34uklA/w640-h480/CC68CD6F-1715-4113-BAF6-6F6810EB3525.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJy7uolr0NPzkoN-iY3gUyIKBXzRLDM5mYbar7S3r2xvBvvRb3H3Hq3WYOA_miDjp8Tn_2-UQGE5fBwQe3aBJzyExb9FNZAyuaNSERxGqb114GOWiNd8g7_6Iif5B78meFDbUtG0dhjBoX0cn2VDSnd2snuOmZC2lyOJ8HJjcJjj0D2ETm_VILPcsHtA/s4032/75380098-AF3D-4FC1-8960-5E2DAB307EB7.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJy7uolr0NPzkoN-iY3gUyIKBXzRLDM5mYbar7S3r2xvBvvRb3H3Hq3WYOA_miDjp8Tn_2-UQGE5fBwQe3aBJzyExb9FNZAyuaNSERxGqb114GOWiNd8g7_6Iif5B78meFDbUtG0dhjBoX0cn2VDSnd2snuOmZC2lyOJ8HJjcJjj0D2ETm_VILPcsHtA/w400-h300/75380098-AF3D-4FC1-8960-5E2DAB307EB7.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Along with <i>Megalosaurus</i>, the two <i>Iguanodon </i>are probably the court's most famous denizens. Ironically, I think the reclining individual looked aesthetically more pleasing than the fully restored one at the back, as its degraded colour and overgrown texture blended in with the surrounding vegetation. On a different note, it has apparently become doubtful now if we can even call these <i>Iguanodon</i>, as most of the material that Hawkins used as reference actually came from what is today classified as the genus <i>Barilium </i>(Witton & Michel 2022).</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1VdEOrjPLy9CBB96Q48aii7Mye2UJfyaGtbSgCqch_i9LwbDApklft06OUoBL6BcNdoxMzo9GbuduDWZ7mGn8J-9ZV4RvP1AqunkDNwtozlYP6mmLaLSqkq4J1skHldGIiUrKSkuT4NRcEO55XTl2sNWQ2IAIx2-ygZePXsSJVaUluhN7EPMGNrwd4Q/s4032/8C49BEB6-B715-4821-94BF-B9011A12C808.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1VdEOrjPLy9CBB96Q48aii7Mye2UJfyaGtbSgCqch_i9LwbDApklft06OUoBL6BcNdoxMzo9GbuduDWZ7mGn8J-9ZV4RvP1AqunkDNwtozlYP6mmLaLSqkq4J1skHldGIiUrKSkuT4NRcEO55XTl2sNWQ2IAIx2-ygZePXsSJVaUluhN7EPMGNrwd4Q/w640-h480/8C49BEB6-B715-4821-94BF-B9011A12C808.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Of the <i>Pterodactylus cuvieri </i>(today <i>Cimoliopterus</i>) I unfortunately could not get a good picture, as they were farther from the path and obscured by vegetation. Looking closely, much of the head of the poor quadrupedal individual seems to be missing. In the Jurassic section of the Secondary Islands there also used to be a second pair of pterosaurs, <i>Pterodactylus bucklandi </i>(reconstructed by Hawkins as small pterodactyloids but today recognized as being based off rhamphorhynchoid bones), which have gone missing <i>twice</i>. The original statues first went missing in the 1930s and were replaced in 2002 with fibreglass replicas. These lasted for only three years before either strong winds or vandals damaged them too much to still be exhibited.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeahWcVab5lI6FNoNz0inu_0N_j7bJpm4dN4EmubZ7YwHsAR2PZYPC-3b078FcucAMoIs9xXbx1qvixlfEh4EjFonCIpsdkovHKyXoAH-xxoOaZmXYqHDsbrcZ_uj57cldQXBZ3ZpSnYfT_ITE36oAxUdp3dGK6kJiwbGrKg4NfldWTLwQUPgBUQA84Q/s4032/4F0CEF45-3194-47A5-8002-82CDCE69618A.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeahWcVab5lI6FNoNz0inu_0N_j7bJpm4dN4EmubZ7YwHsAR2PZYPC-3b078FcucAMoIs9xXbx1qvixlfEh4EjFonCIpsdkovHKyXoAH-xxoOaZmXYqHDsbrcZ_uj57cldQXBZ3ZpSnYfT_ITE36oAxUdp3dGK6kJiwbGrKg4NfldWTLwQUPgBUQA84Q/w640-h480/4F0CEF45-3194-47A5-8002-82CDCE69618A.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcJ3GGbWiy5V-wFUH75akrb_tWU4_uyshUMnWKUqeC_oPjNW6jODnWCIe96gZQziUErgFmnIhBsw9WGH5cDisSd8rUU8TBQPvpUEjtml4g3bqyUVnA8BC6U48usDAWYSZASZUMTtn3nIhG-TZSnNtnxfBkFTSZB3umW4oHXXyzNEK_rl6KiZSVVLYmww/s4032/1D7DA022-29AE-483B-8FCF-FDF90A39A725.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcJ3GGbWiy5V-wFUH75akrb_tWU4_uyshUMnWKUqeC_oPjNW6jODnWCIe96gZQziUErgFmnIhBsw9WGH5cDisSd8rUU8TBQPvpUEjtml4g3bqyUVnA8BC6U48usDAWYSZASZUMTtn3nIhG-TZSnNtnxfBkFTSZB3umW4oHXXyzNEK_rl6KiZSVVLYmww/w640-h480/1D7DA022-29AE-483B-8FCF-FDF90A39A725.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdi13V0w_9kbsfr59umDaXYWOMRvQhiFKYtn3FHr5FAeL003JiV6eCVJjNXVClt87JEPXw5uFLtdWCdEWouzH2tZ0Va6fr4u6E8uXff-MlYtz1CT1hW8Wk27tvKxhx_PY0sgCIdN0VC3ojcRPVQqte1UO4c3xDy3Xskb9myPshpctg_gNdepnEbOmSuQ/s4032/230A1C90-E751-413F-A3AA-13D7D660A2A4.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdi13V0w_9kbsfr59umDaXYWOMRvQhiFKYtn3FHr5FAeL003JiV6eCVJjNXVClt87JEPXw5uFLtdWCdEWouzH2tZ0Va6fr4u6E8uXff-MlYtz1CT1hW8Wk27tvKxhx_PY0sgCIdN0VC3ojcRPVQqte1UO4c3xDy3Xskb9myPshpctg_gNdepnEbOmSuQ/w400-h300/230A1C90-E751-413F-A3AA-13D7D660A2A4.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">At the end of the Secondary Island, by the weir connecting it to the Tertiary one, was then <i>Mosasaurus hoffmanni</i>, which just looked great. I would honestly take this one over the <i>Jurassic World</i> version. The head of Hawkins' model always reminds me of a bearded dragon.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn_x0zYLAlueRUNS_JQCJjl0iF9ydlv5efINzyumIbwx4qQWxIqtsFp_-dqm2fUVG-CKv1wXv8QHeWKvbXo_ovz8wgfy7VOWBf8oRlpk5y8Igf-d6nUgQjbfv5kULGzS9Uc6JW-K2l8KPeGU6lkM-URRxdA0W3odbH34aDnfctxHido0FlbQzd6UW2lw/s4032/FEB41818-DBC6-46EA-A44C-17431D8F53F3.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn_x0zYLAlueRUNS_JQCJjl0iF9ydlv5efINzyumIbwx4qQWxIqtsFp_-dqm2fUVG-CKv1wXv8QHeWKvbXo_ovz8wgfy7VOWBf8oRlpk5y8Igf-d6nUgQjbfv5kULGzS9Uc6JW-K2l8KPeGU6lkM-URRxdA0W3odbH34aDnfctxHido0FlbQzd6UW2lw/w640-h480/FEB41818-DBC6-46EA-A44C-17431D8F53F3.jpeg" width="640" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggPEEp_RCMNzOayndDUPqahjEI-akaw3m90DoBPw9CodNA7MIiqKIuWvnCb40cPZh2ADMklabJQcZJnAydicdJsXVaVMOkEOiAjWVVpVVlsRAPh0cgdqQWNK0nfDtAoUX9KlCf3SMzbrrgfF4Wl7BT0GQvAi1W9m1ocl7T1LPG-tU0ihZp-yTL5ovuWw/s4032/AF918478-44C3-42A6-84FC-948C6C27CBC4.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggPEEp_RCMNzOayndDUPqahjEI-akaw3m90DoBPw9CodNA7MIiqKIuWvnCb40cPZh2ADMklabJQcZJnAydicdJsXVaVMOkEOiAjWVVpVVlsRAPh0cgdqQWNK0nfDtAoUX9KlCf3SMzbrrgfF4Wl7BT0GQvAi1W9m1ocl7T1LPG-tU0ihZp-yTL5ovuWw/w400-h300/AF918478-44C3-42A6-84FC-948C6C27CBC4.jpeg" width="400" /></a></span></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The paleotheres were in a less stellar condition. <i>Palaeotherium medium </i>was pretty worn down, while the <i>P. minus </i>(today <i>Plagiolophus minor</i>) had its whole head missing. Again! The original head went missing somewhen between the 50s and the 90s and was replaced by a copy from the <i>P. medium. </i>Vandals had decapitated this restored model again in 2014. Of course it can always be worse: There used to be a third statue, an elephantine <i>Palaeotherium magnum</i>, which has gone missing completely! When it comes to accuracy, it is today generally doubted that these animals had trunks, as the skull does not show enough signs for the attachment of such an organ. On a side note, fossils of palaeotheres like <i>Plagiolophus </i>are also found in Switzerland and are even exhibited in the <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">museum I work for</a>. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6W_qDxX7ky6kAjxohKOPCHC0tuNMR0oJnSeV_GR8LD7ysSRdXMIuU3659qLSJekw3nn951h5SC3-dhv4pCsj0SUMaZXrnhln-RJsLSYcrR4Qo0hqo3ulQwL0CQN3X6FaDblNYtPVUUloi-54KGPY6-epWYzDucdMw4LtLdfqo7vbIDL4TY75XhjZACA/s4032/1C0FAAFB-8136-405F-9D52-60CB885D6964.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6W_qDxX7ky6kAjxohKOPCHC0tuNMR0oJnSeV_GR8LD7ysSRdXMIuU3659qLSJekw3nn951h5SC3-dhv4pCsj0SUMaZXrnhln-RJsLSYcrR4Qo0hqo3ulQwL0CQN3X6FaDblNYtPVUUloi-54KGPY6-epWYzDucdMw4LtLdfqo7vbIDL4TY75XhjZACA/w640-h480/1C0FAAFB-8136-405F-9D52-60CB885D6964.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The <i>Anoplotherium commune</i> were in much better shape. Anoplotheres are actually starting to become some of my favorite extinct mammals, due to their unique anatomy, which Hawkins already portrayed with broad accuracy. Their vaguely dog-like appearanc just makes me want to pet them. Indeed, I think many of these early mammals would have made for great pets. Like the palaeotheres, anoplotheres were archaic ungulates native to Europe during the Paleogene and died out during the Eocene-Oligocene-Boundary, as the drying up of the Turgai Strait allowed for animals from Asia to migrate to the continent. Their fossils have also been found in Switzerland.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_XxxeldOphCXhKBObPpBxdgtMaA_bA6f9fd-vLA9wxjZXpZVQTzFJ9QqYkzL9cil9zpP96WeM-d_e4qxChtGYvXe42cOydoI09v0_gcSWW81qZSk_LHQ_CFQpJU5C-e4_oYS_mZ20weZb182Yl27GQcA3bZ8wq0yMiQCDvnKhu4KummFtYuZ9N3oJpg/s4032/8EFFB2E4-46C0-4DA7-87E7-C4992144D314.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_XxxeldOphCXhKBObPpBxdgtMaA_bA6f9fd-vLA9wxjZXpZVQTzFJ9QqYkzL9cil9zpP96WeM-d_e4qxChtGYvXe42cOydoI09v0_gcSWW81qZSk_LHQ_CFQpJU5C-e4_oYS_mZ20weZb182Yl27GQcA3bZ8wq0yMiQCDvnKhu4KummFtYuZ9N3oJpg/w480-h640/8EFFB2E4-46C0-4DA7-87E7-C4992144D314.jpeg" width="480" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnj4yn4Ve6SnxUDYbHTQhBP0eivCRjsQWM6wq_6gBlPpaF9NRLcprqurgWyEPFOSEddSi_VDMMV3-rvPYVNis-jbTLvmtH5Rn0Dj4mbrs-IA_htOpMfpByZBPvDONtWmcPhVGqzmd-nuaGK_YPmTSR9DH7FtI7SrfgNCxp2bpj3qNycgwRt6h2L6AjGw/s4032/69EAAD05-3EB9-4D80-B32D-264137789139.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnj4yn4Ve6SnxUDYbHTQhBP0eivCRjsQWM6wq_6gBlPpaF9NRLcprqurgWyEPFOSEddSi_VDMMV3-rvPYVNis-jbTLvmtH5Rn0Dj4mbrs-IA_htOpMfpByZBPvDONtWmcPhVGqzmd-nuaGK_YPmTSR9DH7FtI7SrfgNCxp2bpj3qNycgwRt6h2L6AjGw/w480-h640/69EAAD05-3EB9-4D80-B32D-264137789139.jpeg" width="480" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJPt_UYix8hd2KwAncXwjcRz0k7lq3RaxMlQp8_nw4ALWY_K8h4FlY96P6LOPt2jSKuwM6l1ZKBdlFhxWtXm8Awbojjbf1-Gh8thFHSi1qCcjVWIEjqBJzOGShW4QahmCefrW9b260qw4cazd6VO-QL3wfGUIhci8jlxhP8XVMUiZ5i0L0UDeVW47wCQ/s4032/173E6996-6463-4C95-B74D-6A2B45CDF076.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJPt_UYix8hd2KwAncXwjcRz0k7lq3RaxMlQp8_nw4ALWY_K8h4FlY96P6LOPt2jSKuwM6l1ZKBdlFhxWtXm8Awbojjbf1-Gh8thFHSi1qCcjVWIEjqBJzOGShW4QahmCefrW9b260qw4cazd6VO-QL3wfGUIhci8jlxhP8XVMUiZ5i0L0UDeVW47wCQ/w400-h300/173E6996-6463-4C95-B74D-6A2B45CDF076.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Of the <i>Megatherium </i>(whose right hand seems to be missing) I again could not get good pictures, as it was surrounded by vegetation. But imagine being an early human in the Americas and encountering such a towering beast in the middle of the woods just like this. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjROy-DMFVKitf7lS56DHpsr9XkgcIxCyAhlMXAIi18RUObvXa-xzgOcEJCNuSgUX0qXv9t1zkrDh4DBhrCdA1zdod_Zb2nMn8ndLaOXK7mdLUqfqpHiUksaVs17ZkjAvuL9f3YTYGfvPW_JaXCOVMQCEzyVUKG7_Cjh7YUQugnnqnRSAl1xqtVX2qfiQ/s4032/9C949B52-F05F-42A5-8676-FC50D424A7C2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjROy-DMFVKitf7lS56DHpsr9XkgcIxCyAhlMXAIi18RUObvXa-xzgOcEJCNuSgUX0qXv9t1zkrDh4DBhrCdA1zdod_Zb2nMn8ndLaOXK7mdLUqfqpHiUksaVs17ZkjAvuL9f3YTYGfvPW_JaXCOVMQCEzyVUKG7_Cjh7YUQugnnqnRSAl1xqtVX2qfiQ/w640-h480/9C949B52-F05F-42A5-8676-FC50D424A7C2.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Px1nk_H5FOsD-K_xarRce32_KasloN2lZW9KgZLkqTj5lmrzokdadH_t62vC4OTqIJvDIIg4_iHuViYTNlZhJcixYDKziM4535y82-coA6MlDezbtiaFR_9QK0sp3d0ITvyzgVAbnwKUTAV3nqQHKzo2oLajJT7SKf-g9zpbNRIEQFG-DThz13KoXg/s4032/EC2AD596-AEF1-4E02-A916-D9ABF16F794C.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Px1nk_H5FOsD-K_xarRce32_KasloN2lZW9KgZLkqTj5lmrzokdadH_t62vC4OTqIJvDIIg4_iHuViYTNlZhJcixYDKziM4535y82-coA6MlDezbtiaFR_9QK0sp3d0ITvyzgVAbnwKUTAV3nqQHKzo2oLajJT7SKf-g9zpbNRIEQFG-DThz13KoXg/w400-h300/EC2AD596-AEF1-4E02-A916-D9ABF16F794C.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">At the end were then the <i>Megaloceros, </i>which were in varying states of disrepair. Among them was still the "fawn", which is <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/12/tetzoocon-2022-day-2.html">today known</a> to actually be a misplaced <i>Xiphodon gracilis </i>that was once part of a whole herd on the Tertiary Island.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvqhfmUL1uX1zU0dpqtjzaqPkEGuAN25qlGm8jRC2P3OqMcMMHI4NPauYUss0cZxE7rVtqh8u9SGxu-ZmD_kTBnMYotg42ba_tmffyME9TbIv-BFufsrbpI_6j_zE1T8F48CXmPlOTyM6tDHSXoFBdAmoKf7A8atVaz6OXiXI4tn_uCBK3q7QbJoisg/s4032/4DAABF9F-B44A-4840-8E87-510DA7C7E36F.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvqhfmUL1uX1zU0dpqtjzaqPkEGuAN25qlGm8jRC2P3OqMcMMHI4NPauYUss0cZxE7rVtqh8u9SGxu-ZmD_kTBnMYotg42ba_tmffyME9TbIv-BFufsrbpI_6j_zE1T8F48CXmPlOTyM6tDHSXoFBdAmoKf7A8atVaz6OXiXI4tn_uCBK3q7QbJoisg/w640-h480/4DAABF9F-B44A-4840-8E87-510DA7C7E36F.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNaXQKpSY6qwJaCaduC9x6EsarOj0t-RoWFCA7tlXml-ouV4ru1VCbSDksI5ikGQhOenjw7KRMZIPPcVHW__eFShNL-rfLc5p5G636laD4rnJT8syadSMj69hPWyM0deyiWu-eWv1TJr7xVIrvJoWZmAj85IIr8DsCvlsm1JrjM5e73gMIyvLdHyYoag/s4032/6AE76B49-4B3D-42F0-A0E6-49DFACE47A92.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNaXQKpSY6qwJaCaduC9x6EsarOj0t-RoWFCA7tlXml-ouV4ru1VCbSDksI5ikGQhOenjw7KRMZIPPcVHW__eFShNL-rfLc5p5G636laD4rnJT8syadSMj69hPWyM0deyiWu-eWv1TJr7xVIrvJoWZmAj85IIr8DsCvlsm1JrjM5e73gMIyvLdHyYoag/w640-h480/6AE76B49-4B3D-42F0-A0E6-49DFACE47A92.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWqSWT4w3DgyikpEQ9THDKI1P5GcvKdma5jZKccWVqmBC2qLjJdR0Qzq9SxTKz8EXqqnJ-xLbk5mzt89idC901xmdsmm8z7NIXcdmBdonIBkntJv2n9UeF52YPqSRiX5cQhPoytSwODPOgYnA7zuiGorfdid_vfoKquW9QaXffyit0uadiMsxgn3skfg/s4032/488C0931-141D-4150-BE3D-AD5B13BCA7B6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWqSWT4w3DgyikpEQ9THDKI1P5GcvKdma5jZKccWVqmBC2qLjJdR0Qzq9SxTKz8EXqqnJ-xLbk5mzt89idC901xmdsmm8z7NIXcdmBdonIBkntJv2n9UeF52YPqSRiX5cQhPoytSwODPOgYnA7zuiGorfdid_vfoKquW9QaXffyit0uadiMsxgn3skfg/w640-h480/488C0931-141D-4150-BE3D-AD5B13BCA7B6.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv8tqgJU5eYnDNaEI1kQ3KQ0v-uIEEYla-uXA61bKlUwb9JoOMqWpoaikX2RvzYv5Zwh4w1zNRPt_dXLs_2RjVgJNKOb9jGRdAlpNdhqJp_ufaqLjQt84FgT5CovMfm2Mq0Fz8htdEYPdF4TsMTTKNLdzXC44drw8hw7MJza43WA_ztG4T7xokymLj2g/s4032/6954172E-FFFB-40EA-A640-B25F698B32E7.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv8tqgJU5eYnDNaEI1kQ3KQ0v-uIEEYla-uXA61bKlUwb9JoOMqWpoaikX2RvzYv5Zwh4w1zNRPt_dXLs_2RjVgJNKOb9jGRdAlpNdhqJp_ufaqLjQt84FgT5CovMfm2Mq0Fz8htdEYPdF4TsMTTKNLdzXC44drw8hw7MJza43WA_ztG4T7xokymLj2g/w640-h480/6954172E-FFFB-40EA-A640-B25F698B32E7.jpeg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQPTsAr-mEmKNJwoDHIXTNfB7BldNR_zX7E7vUdZJNq1FVv5TFDQJd58d7Rp-usgaebM2TZhG7zsgWEHKDk3wTbHeI00OoT5wdHiCo7Io-51-0rauvS530ZVjeTJafddnfyPCwMWfvC_kJvbMhS4lccdVmMQyfHwavqsYI4CSDrwVO6K4rzdLFqzMwjA/s4032/2A942037-77B6-47F2-9B75-CD34F5AE2782.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQPTsAr-mEmKNJwoDHIXTNfB7BldNR_zX7E7vUdZJNq1FVv5TFDQJd58d7Rp-usgaebM2TZhG7zsgWEHKDk3wTbHeI00OoT5wdHiCo7Io-51-0rauvS530ZVjeTJafddnfyPCwMWfvC_kJvbMhS4lccdVmMQyfHwavqsYI4CSDrwVO6K4rzdLFqzMwjA/w640-h480/2A942037-77B6-47F2-9B75-CD34F5AE2782.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">And at last, here is a bit of artwork I found in and around the court. Cute stuff. That concludes today's post. What will be next? I do not know. Maybe I will reflect on my visit to the Natural History Museum or I will make another non-fiction post on <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/p/non-fiction-spaceposts.html">Har Deshur</a>. See you until then!</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Related Posts:</b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/10/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The Alien Prehistoric World Trope: Part 1 - Antediluvia</span></span></span></a></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/04/antique-paleoart-geology-and.html">Antique Paleoart: Geology and Inhabitants of the Ancient World</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/06/antique-paleoart-lost-paleozoic-museum.html">Antique Paleoart: The Lost Paleozoic Museum</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/08/hawkinspunk-spinosaurus.html">Hawkinspunk Spinosaurus</a></span></span></span></li><li><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/12/tetzoocon-2022-day-1.html"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tetzoocon 2022 - Day 1</span></span></span></a></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/12/tetzoocon-2022-day-2.html">Tetzoocon 2022 - Day 2 </a> <br /></span></span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>References:</b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">Witton, Mark & Michel, Ellinor: The Art and Science of the Crystal
Palace Dinosaurs, Ramsbury 2022.</span></span></li></ul>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-46087239439541505442022-12-15T18:47:00.003+01:002022-12-16T15:10:53.442+01:00Tetzoocon 2022 - Day 2<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuafHQkWZrAzq2yQo5bugGQ4oBZWuu33XAAEwpa3_vvHaN7-xy33PVgo1KmgdTUhQHlAlMBBeS8bf64RDmtJPb2iLCKYB8CwFiSTVRgDi1VzYIwOPfYKmOlS_CInL6v7IOZ-_vSTWhJRe-UDVDlxOVf97vcnDfmkQxGZDy7Rsuy7-xpIMXbe9_zjvFBg/s4032/5FFAF8C1-8024-42A8-94F2-B36D7432651F.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuafHQkWZrAzq2yQo5bugGQ4oBZWuu33XAAEwpa3_vvHaN7-xy33PVgo1KmgdTUhQHlAlMBBeS8bf64RDmtJPb2iLCKYB8CwFiSTVRgDi1VzYIwOPfYKmOlS_CInL6v7IOZ-_vSTWhJRe-UDVDlxOVf97vcnDfmkQxGZDy7Rsuy7-xpIMXbe9_zjvFBg/w400-h300/5FFAF8C1-8024-42A8-94F2-B36D7432651F.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/12/tetzoocon-2022-day-1.html">Go here</a> if you have not read part 1 yet. If you want to listen to Me and C.M. Kosemen talk about our experience at the con, you can also check out our two-part podcast on the event:</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/e-7VQlxVvks" width="320" youtube-src-id="e-7VQlxVvks"></iframe></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9YQ3EvIcu8A" width="320" youtube-src-id="9YQ3EvIcu8A"></iframe></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">These podcasts are also available on most RSS-based platforms. Anyway, let's just jump right into things:</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjozN9Su4MKxnQ2Q2kPyiaHWHMOVQbyWbaRfQSw3CVfSUNUn7bX9YPiR5NdRX14G1-SFLlYVACxbeiCJnRFPmy9LtUx0JieActl2pc-MW_46zuH4sv8FzDWIiv7_m4io4l18P2rkID64PzsUgL2B5piJvKXR3Dmkq4ouKIBpcWfqNuOV7yCWLEnSnZwSg/s4032/2F3C6E3B-859C-4A58-AB14-69CCB2611964.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjozN9Su4MKxnQ2Q2kPyiaHWHMOVQbyWbaRfQSw3CVfSUNUn7bX9YPiR5NdRX14G1-SFLlYVACxbeiCJnRFPmy9LtUx0JieActl2pc-MW_46zuH4sv8FzDWIiv7_m4io4l18P2rkID64PzsUgL2B5piJvKXR3Dmkq4ouKIBpcWfqNuOV7yCWLEnSnZwSg/w640-h480/2F3C6E3B-859C-4A58-AB14-69CCB2611964.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP7NVKLpm8r9WK-M4meEcv5e3v92q0vJByxyl7zsJoFKDEOr465b0V3gWIuK5HuBKWhqh_qsl81dzSH6gjSDKIs5SVquYlPXQcK9JJlEV0WbQAFZ_79x_HuqX52wjLurVqSzoKQS3MAJbLsTohLj2a0DLgnp5-sZ1ZS1lmEk5ud5oJxe2LykVJtRga0w/s4032/451B930C-97C8-4714-BE73-518375141ED6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP7NVKLpm8r9WK-M4meEcv5e3v92q0vJByxyl7zsJoFKDEOr465b0V3gWIuK5HuBKWhqh_qsl81dzSH6gjSDKIs5SVquYlPXQcK9JJlEV0WbQAFZ_79x_HuqX52wjLurVqSzoKQS3MAJbLsTohLj2a0DLgnp5-sZ1ZS1lmEk5ud5oJxe2LykVJtRga0w/w640-h480/451B930C-97C8-4714-BE73-518375141ED6.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The morning of day two was all dedicated towards our favorite flying reptiles, the bir... I mean pterosaurs. Unfortunately, I arrived too late to listen to Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone's presentation on why you should (or shouldn't) CT-scan a pterosaurs. By the title alone I bet it was interesting. I did come in time for Natalia Jagielska's talk about how to describe your own pterosaur. This was much more than her just retelling how her description of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearc"><i>Dearc </i></a>went. Instead it was an actual how-to guide on what to do and what the steps are from the moment of a fossil's discovery all the way up to publishing its description in a scientific journal. Especially notable is the frustration many go through with the process of peer-review (which, in its current form, I hear many paleontologists say nowadays, has become somewhat antiquated), as well as the fact that not everyone may have the financial means to publish their findings. As you can see here, Natalia also made excellent use of memes in her presentation.</span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-DkrtkNpOpe1J0d33HRQ28oQt8KMlqw6gUmD7Z_3qL1j7sSpukHjqbAGmPFShouMlavqsNTht_y0bB08p3XVvyBJsghyX3ZxnkRCr-EDxrGSNDgt2BLFw0yYGQd5W2VcEevO4zruMHxJaVHpJ2MjyTSjPQ6FcPKDkZcqZ0p-UWWR2u6-Righ-mdDLA/s4032/A6CA7821-E6B0-4AE1-B672-8CBD2CF8F7B2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-DkrtkNpOpe1J0d33HRQ28oQt8KMlqw6gUmD7Z_3qL1j7sSpukHjqbAGmPFShouMlavqsNTht_y0bB08p3XVvyBJsghyX3ZxnkRCr-EDxrGSNDgt2BLFw0yYGQd5W2VcEevO4zruMHxJaVHpJ2MjyTSjPQ6FcPKDkZcqZ0p-UWWR2u6-Righ-mdDLA/w640-h480/A6CA7821-E6B0-4AE1-B672-8CBD2CF8F7B2.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">After that was the pterosaur roundtable discussion where Jagielska, Martin-Silverstone, Witton, Conway and Naish all sat together and collectively dunked on "the two Daves", also known as David Martill and David Unwin, who have gained a bit of infamy thanks to their dubious claims in recent years around pterosaur biology. Especially telling was Martin-Silverstone's account of how one of the Daves simply tried to evade the discussion when told that fossilized melanosomes were found inside pterosaur pycnofibers, which is pretty conclusive evidence that these fibres were fuzzy epidermal structures on the outside of the body. At the end of the session I actually had a question for the presenters, but there was unfortunately no time for me. <a href="https://tetzoo.com/blog/2022/12/7/the-ninth-and-largest-of-the-tetrapod-zoology-conventions">I did the next-best thing and asked Darren Naish on his blog afterwards and he gave me a pretty helpful reply</a>. Through Memo I have also heard that John Conway also disagrees with Paul's idea on pterosaur locomotion, at least when it comes to azhdarchids. </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCFV70uTJEJrzbsfkZJu6G0o1mEo7dRQ-jAFyCv87owyjRjOGpGmFsuFgtATXBS2WUaSRuFBoTRzf4nKQh0PpD4zAtkfiv-retr-QMHIE0JlA3nwhwKhWoKWhZz_Zursu84y_hMv1xziAHJFDJvV9eDOL3gtmjxyRnUW0YoNkfbzprd2kjtst6G_l8A/s4032/332D081C-CC66-44A2-8AA4-E7B00BDF2DE4.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCFV70uTJEJrzbsfkZJu6G0o1mEo7dRQ-jAFyCv87owyjRjOGpGmFsuFgtATXBS2WUaSRuFBoTRzf4nKQh0PpD4zAtkfiv-retr-QMHIE0JlA3nwhwKhWoKWhZz_Zursu84y_hMv1xziAHJFDJvV9eDOL3gtmjxyRnUW0YoNkfbzprd2kjtst6G_l8A/w640-h480/332D081C-CC66-44A2-8AA4-E7B00BDF2DE4.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">After that was Steve White's presentation on his new <i>Mesozoic Art</i>, the quasi-part-three of his <i>Dinosaur Art </i>book series, but now under a new publisher. White told about all the trouble he went through to get these books published and I think the main take-home message I got from his talk is that nowadays, unless you are a big name or dealing with children's media, it is best for paleoart- or paleontology-themed books to be self-published, something I will have to keep in mind (*wink*wink*).</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-eiDZVdDMMzkL-VE_r0E9BsCuILoDVfXCp6fHLK2oJOecpPHDxZc4EdGRdGu-R8i9l1RXwL2ArbJNJu6N3PaavyIpD_2VXWYhqJktARlPi_W_sJ0jDUwcosDNx9uPMNofEi6Bya_Tn5o2pJW4BBicaFHWKDWLHTyn7HnGkANxQoOcySv-zEgLaYe7mg/s2048/7CD6CFA9-01F4-4775-A419-7E5243CFB5BD.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="2048" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-eiDZVdDMMzkL-VE_r0E9BsCuILoDVfXCp6fHLK2oJOecpPHDxZc4EdGRdGu-R8i9l1RXwL2ArbJNJu6N3PaavyIpD_2VXWYhqJktARlPi_W_sJ0jDUwcosDNx9uPMNofEi6Bya_Tn5o2pJW4BBicaFHWKDWLHTyn7HnGkANxQoOcySv-zEgLaYe7mg/w640-h296/7CD6CFA9-01F4-4775-A419-7E5243CFB5BD.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEittWhgUd9hm42_AF3xPHMbhfMnpZcvn1EdatkFbVpPsCG8yRUQzpyx2YHp1Pyv15IQoCfl0rGay-aKsenVbbv2VgbzcgosuvjHjIz5scD6d-SMGJ93ERZ80vledSv66hT0HJSZixZKfX8pBJ0A_mb5VkYiOu-9ffQ-__2C_5kdwWAPA9QEMcRF4rzYfQ/s2048/C72A886D-5AC0-4645-8D6B-F215564CBA88.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="2048" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEittWhgUd9hm42_AF3xPHMbhfMnpZcvn1EdatkFbVpPsCG8yRUQzpyx2YHp1Pyv15IQoCfl0rGay-aKsenVbbv2VgbzcgosuvjHjIz5scD6d-SMGJ93ERZ80vledSv66hT0HJSZixZKfX8pBJ0A_mb5VkYiOu-9ffQ-__2C_5kdwWAPA9QEMcRF4rzYfQ/w640-h296/C72A886D-5AC0-4645-8D6B-F215564CBA88.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0RKSvxE0kdv8ZuGyVsxjWPaGI965uRcappfwVa05kwL7O_WcHV3mKRmNoidvc1zwl7sOCnKMC2Tmlfr3VLKAecJCGuuUXYttfKjVU1bnelG1k0vtD0-FRXP-cedpzbY_DdAqY6AWSR7F0Ilu665KqQyP3ewVpSMNZWZK9KuTJhsaWV9Bq27uydPS_Jg/s4032/1A3E6A40-5363-4BD9-9759-ABE87D8052B2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0RKSvxE0kdv8ZuGyVsxjWPaGI965uRcappfwVa05kwL7O_WcHV3mKRmNoidvc1zwl7sOCnKMC2Tmlfr3VLKAecJCGuuUXYttfKjVU1bnelG1k0vtD0-FRXP-cedpzbY_DdAqY6AWSR7F0Ilu665KqQyP3ewVpSMNZWZK9KuTJhsaWV9Bq27uydPS_Jg/w640-h480/1A3E6A40-5363-4BD9-9759-ABE87D8052B2.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5IjMS3CHPGkOBlP08Fu7DPVEeU6XoNNzPgEGdtj-Sy-TMJ_huJLHDLr8xEuBXeSROSbAN_4j5ZXBL0YcQwxOpqdoANXaBqOQSy1ttjh970U2CxRgGNgpXxaK363KKw6_Wa3VHDaWa6i229EudErdL_0mzslTmTCcpb5odzH0ixaK2fgCetEJ45jE43A/s4032/7383F673-E54E-434E-95C7-8DBF3EC97F3F.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5IjMS3CHPGkOBlP08Fu7DPVEeU6XoNNzPgEGdtj-Sy-TMJ_huJLHDLr8xEuBXeSROSbAN_4j5ZXBL0YcQwxOpqdoANXaBqOQSy1ttjh970U2CxRgGNgpXxaK363KKw6_Wa3VHDaWa6i229EudErdL_0mzslTmTCcpb5odzH0ixaK2fgCetEJ45jE43A/w640-h480/7383F673-E54E-434E-95C7-8DBF3EC97F3F.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfiDJMFxNYyfBM_Y3P0535o763D8yRH8XHGj0ihs3zCLo4sIM7vc0Hoj6Ur0BZE9enNdZyJW25NbefWc_io5Rf1LDp4FvfCf7es3GnnnouXOMAqXn0XTzUCz609YGad2_RmiC1PGW9wtGTqBVPuI9aDj0p2tmgQRQ_e5QmJOGPiQao3nZUXhwL1WwxKQ/s4032/F8C9BEE4-4C8F-4A74-BEB8-230BAAE7E837.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfiDJMFxNYyfBM_Y3P0535o763D8yRH8XHGj0ihs3zCLo4sIM7vc0Hoj6Ur0BZE9enNdZyJW25NbefWc_io5Rf1LDp4FvfCf7es3GnnnouXOMAqXn0XTzUCz609YGad2_RmiC1PGW9wtGTqBVPuI9aDj0p2tmgQRQ_e5QmJOGPiQao3nZUXhwL1WwxKQ/w640-h480/F8C9BEE4-4C8F-4A74-BEB8-230BAAE7E837.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">After lunch and a signing event by everyone at the con who contributed to <i>Mesozoic Art </i>(it was a lot), came another rountable discussion, about something completely different. C.M. Kosemen, Gert van Djik, Jennifer Colbourne, Joschua Knüppe, Adrian Tchaikovsky and Dougal Dixon all sat together to talk about designing alien life. Especially Dixon I felt shined during this event thanks to his sheer enthusiasm. He quipped some funny but also thoughtful comments about the production-constraints on alien designs and also told us more about his novel <i>Greenworld</i>, which still has not gotten an English release! Especially fascinating was his statement that he thinks that real alien life will probably look nothing like what he or the other presenters designed and might resemble more something from Stanislaw Lem's <i>Solaris</i>, which I actually somewhat agree with. Then he surprised everyone when he whipped out his... model of a Greenworld character riding on an alien insectoid creature. It does not go mentioned enough that Dixon is also a pretty great 3D-artist who does an excellent job at turning his speculative creatures into models. The next surprise then came for the whole audtitorium when Spencer Drake, the grandson of <i>the </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake">Frank Drake</a>, happened to sit in the audience and asked the presenters their opinion on OG Drake's claim that, due to the constraints of evolving intelligence, most spacefaring aliens will happen to look vaguely humanoid enough that, if you encountered them at night wearing a trenchcoat, you'd probably mistake them for a human. Even though I also disagree with this assessment (I am firmly of the opinion that, when we finally do find extraterrestrial life, even intelligent forms, it could be so different that we might not recognize it as alive at first. I am actually somewhat frustrated with <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/p/main-page.html">my own alien designs</a> being still too similar to things one might find on Earth, but it is of course difficult to imagine things beyond any of your own frames of reference), I still thought some of the responses to Spencer were a bit too blunt and harsh. Especially Knüppe just saying that he hated it (without elaboration), to the point where he made a parody of the concept where a species evolved a humanoid body shape but happens to have the intelligence of a cockroach (an admittedly fun take, but to take some wind out of his sails, <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/2022/07/introduction-i-things-which-lived-on.html">H.G. Wells already did that subversion over 120 years ago</a>).</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi86v3G8wsj2iR4ewd3riFjnMG7FQJj1eHUCm8P6S-j90AVcXqBYHZfZ4Ji7iyDpVnCepT4lBlDe1IFT02M0su873KpBuKWSHe8RzpMISAZAS8GrCRnufNCNOgAp5UnWjVWjfKc16IRWg1MKInsFr-1qbPnp-nONxrRuhejp_KvPHIXl26DGl-7ppa5Qw/s4032/8A10D8A7-A8F7-4B28-88A5-B95AD0D61510.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi86v3G8wsj2iR4ewd3riFjnMG7FQJj1eHUCm8P6S-j90AVcXqBYHZfZ4Ji7iyDpVnCepT4lBlDe1IFT02M0su873KpBuKWSHe8RzpMISAZAS8GrCRnufNCNOgAp5UnWjVWjfKc16IRWg1MKInsFr-1qbPnp-nONxrRuhejp_KvPHIXl26DGl-7ppa5Qw/w640-h480/8A10D8A7-A8F7-4B28-88A5-B95AD0D61510.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz2y_dmMbWtL5_sdIhygvzLFA7y4jesgycMx9AS_9FofdypxMHf4xuGopdaaD7XWt79nXzGkX2p1IeZI5gOWMqegXZ2lnRWdqj2-8677qSoxSI5lgDlIFU4g7WBzzKuli6nuRe8h_FbQTZgpEnrU1jmHINzJWmQ2hQrESDhthSl5jyT1ChFocRCC_OPw/s4032/F2AABE19-BA29-475F-9F09-B1DA28BF5F9A.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz2y_dmMbWtL5_sdIhygvzLFA7y4jesgycMx9AS_9FofdypxMHf4xuGopdaaD7XWt79nXzGkX2p1IeZI5gOWMqegXZ2lnRWdqj2-8677qSoxSI5lgDlIFU4g7WBzzKuli6nuRe8h_FbQTZgpEnrU1jmHINzJWmQ2hQrESDhthSl5jyT1ChFocRCC_OPw/w640-h480/F2AABE19-BA29-475F-9F09-B1DA28BF5F9A.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtNVgR6unxZprbUwsP8_ZGtDyELW69m9F33b0oriIeYW0LBLyY1ooTQCMdZGJLf7Bjpr_N22hh4lhRfAA5nSWsqH-uvZ9FxaaLKWDuf-Wznb7xO4C4d9aITYkNhyAuXGecqI7jv8SUqYw_lfqVe32XgwJZOjFEGYMTRsI8u4IEFtwLLz3urW4hrnK5A/s4032/F61E3BAF-FC6A-482D-9EBF-188E60AA83E0.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtNVgR6unxZprbUwsP8_ZGtDyELW69m9F33b0oriIeYW0LBLyY1ooTQCMdZGJLf7Bjpr_N22hh4lhRfAA5nSWsqH-uvZ9FxaaLKWDuf-Wznb7xO4C4d9aITYkNhyAuXGecqI7jv8SUqYw_lfqVe32XgwJZOjFEGYMTRsI8u4IEFtwLLz3urW4hrnK5A/w640-h480/F61E3BAF-FC6A-482D-9EBF-188E60AA83E0.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Then came John Conway's presentation on his new book <i>A History of Painting (With Dinosaurs)</i>, which basically sprung up from the question of what would have happened if Renaissance artists and other famous painters, from Dali to Monet and Warhol, had painted dinosaurs. What followed were Vermeer oviraptors and cubist ankylosaurs. Notably, Conway presented the book and each painting as a trial-and-error experience, the whole endeavour basically being an experiment in what styles work and do not work for dinosaur illustrations (and it of course also asks the question what dinosaur art should even be like and if it even needs a specific use to “work”). After <i>All Yesterdays</i> and hyper-realistic paleoart by the likes of Julius Csotonyi and Andrey Atuchin, I believe Conway here crystallized what might very well become the next big paleoart-movement, which I think had already been brewing in the background for a couple of years: A shift away from trying to be photo-realistic and more towards stylisation and experimentation with what methods and styles are useful, both for artistic as well as scientific purposes. And I can already see various areas to expand on where other arists could experiment. Conway restricted himself only to European/western art history from the Renaissance onward, but of course people all throughout the world have developed vastly different and intriguing art-styles since prehistory. How would dinosaurs look through the painting methods of East Asia? How would the Ancient Egyptians have depicted dinosaurs in their tomb reliefs?</span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGQZsfR3TjwReS0VrGalnUY-Easf08IQJEYxOD4OcfEu4w6ILCsiXo6sT-pyS4Q0tMmHHgXnOv0bQj2hhLmwhoookODKZ-LQ8kQHOEDM_t2HYni90pC5WOu-0b-d9sOiIfj-bYpwQYEGBVUzVqrOYzgTHcFS3Tl_Yx4YIyEjHKzCE5K5WVZpLFUX-mig/s4032/731254F5-FE69-4C76-B067-AB7B9A980FA3.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGQZsfR3TjwReS0VrGalnUY-Easf08IQJEYxOD4OcfEu4w6ILCsiXo6sT-pyS4Q0tMmHHgXnOv0bQj2hhLmwhoookODKZ-LQ8kQHOEDM_t2HYni90pC5WOu-0b-d9sOiIfj-bYpwQYEGBVUzVqrOYzgTHcFS3Tl_Yx4YIyEjHKzCE5K5WVZpLFUX-mig/w640-h480/731254F5-FE69-4C76-B067-AB7B9A980FA3.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSoXxqWn3Ap0x7Zb1JMs1yWTy48GGjp4MCK8KGQwI8IBXaV5s12PejglmEAIhTDoFx4-Yr2vfcrDOlY6FrfmkrWhbnx4CLApiqO4ZkSf5pa6bllngpXrTIFtQMsg_loPo3qfgcgRsYLNoevdfxJM8rcJEcA32foM5hABjFpdnf0lwb5RmQnPkafRoC-A/s2048/1856AD4F-731D-42BA-8C80-FC86768FF18A.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="2048" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSoXxqWn3Ap0x7Zb1JMs1yWTy48GGjp4MCK8KGQwI8IBXaV5s12PejglmEAIhTDoFx4-Yr2vfcrDOlY6FrfmkrWhbnx4CLApiqO4ZkSf5pa6bllngpXrTIFtQMsg_loPo3qfgcgRsYLNoevdfxJM8rcJEcA32foM5hABjFpdnf0lwb5RmQnPkafRoC-A/w640-h296/1856AD4F-731D-42BA-8C80-FC86768FF18A.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiDEztacw_xznC5mQP0JGFOPYVizPQrF7WfNW-iwK4WjSSzvIFeQDGFS5uR0vcO2JeBC-4jWb2GVUwydbLho-haql7X23KCts71jpKqZ0a3Z9375RD6BVZKS85S6krz1slenFY57pKyc9i0KnB6hw9PAs_Q51zofH9At_3lIBVdjNlPczw4Ql2RG8F9A/s4032/4BBE362C-F318-44E1-9E70-AE20D7A8FD01.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiDEztacw_xznC5mQP0JGFOPYVizPQrF7WfNW-iwK4WjSSzvIFeQDGFS5uR0vcO2JeBC-4jWb2GVUwydbLho-haql7X23KCts71jpKqZ0a3Z9375RD6BVZKS85S6krz1slenFY57pKyc9i0KnB6hw9PAs_Q51zofH9At_3lIBVdjNlPczw4Ql2RG8F9A/w480-h640/4BBE362C-F318-44E1-9E70-AE20D7A8FD01.jpeg" width="480" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Finally came Mark Witton and Ellinor Michel's presentation on <i>The Art and Science of the Crystal Palace Park</i>, a great book I have <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/08/hawkinspunk-spinosaurus.html">already written about</a>. Witton and Michel talked about what drove them to write this book, as well as some anecdotes. Very fascinating was Michel's story of how, due to being restricted by her wheelchair, she was forced to stare at the park's alleged <i>Megaloceros </i>fawn for an extended amount of time while Witton and others were closely investigating the main statues, which led to her noticing that it did not at all look like a deer. After further investigation it turned out that this was not meant to be <i>Megaloceros</i>, but actually the last surviving member of a family of four <i>Xiphodon </i>that were originally on the Tertiary Island. As the authors note, such a massive mistake in the park's long history of restructuring makes one wonder what else might be missing from the park's original iteration. Having read the book beforehand, I already knew about the missing <i>Xiphodon</i>, but it was a nice detail to know how exactly Michel and Witton made that discovery.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">At last then came the Tetzoocon Quiz. I got only nine out of thirty points, though according to Naish the average is four, so good for me I guess. I definitely appreciated the question about what plot did <i>not </i>happen in the tv show <i>Primeval</i>. I am always happy when people remember that one, but the question made me realize how bizarre this show must have been for people not into it.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH-VeGLisKhK25sKlBmX7-yc2HVOTCBRCdc83aB4nkeJP4GV1XhKJ5tGKo9o7RfZRYRP5ypqd6_Bs0nJGG5MOy9HcEgkAY0wEgJJwlR_sLA0_tr4N0GCu5sKHcMjOqeJi8Km59QDwLK7zHDQ6vZs1VKvTeS3rCiDdrBKSdIj0dPnknLCEoR9JYp_Wnpw/s2048/2692A6CD-52D2-4E7A-979F-9B8BFD48FB3A.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="946" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH-VeGLisKhK25sKlBmX7-yc2HVOTCBRCdc83aB4nkeJP4GV1XhKJ5tGKo9o7RfZRYRP5ypqd6_Bs0nJGG5MOy9HcEgkAY0wEgJJwlR_sLA0_tr4N0GCu5sKHcMjOqeJi8Km59QDwLK7zHDQ6vZs1VKvTeS3rCiDdrBKSdIj0dPnknLCEoR9JYp_Wnpw/w296-h640/2692A6CD-52D2-4E7A-979F-9B8BFD48FB3A.jpeg" width="296" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi07dLL0FwxP7nUGcvjEX2uF1zuOV-1zsm0sGLDequKfmW9aXI0ZE6C-K-ga_7b23-vjhZH2__gj49cvPZKp7P9hc2kYN7deR8SrctjdQe5MYHAGy7Nt2M-_nUYGwE1v_ZXlntnX9Lf_HISx4tSeTYDpjK7BqxIouVXLzNb8mRSDftF4ElHIAsFksEIaQ/s4032/A051F2E7-AD36-4816-A28D-D9E15FD50C10.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi07dLL0FwxP7nUGcvjEX2uF1zuOV-1zsm0sGLDequKfmW9aXI0ZE6C-K-ga_7b23-vjhZH2__gj49cvPZKp7P9hc2kYN7deR8SrctjdQe5MYHAGy7Nt2M-_nUYGwE1v_ZXlntnX9Lf_HISx4tSeTYDpjK7BqxIouVXLzNb8mRSDftF4ElHIAsFksEIaQ/w300-h400/A051F2E7-AD36-4816-A28D-D9E15FD50C10.jpeg" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWCE8r44AhaMW4xw7Mkl9m1Nj03V7uHsv6mx6hMgGhN2WLQlceRf5gSYpQZ8SE772J9_B_jR3Z3cLLE1lhbtSmcZK8TiZ_mRtJoWFlrOCbrbBCeVAkJES8-rxONlPRXohD1rDB2q9OkGH0DPY5B7lh3Zu2sBmvtdEgxADCqSp6X-6iy63mc62s90cQEg/s4031/FA93D2AF-4B23-41BB-A68B-001EFEB706A3.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3023" data-original-width="4031" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWCE8r44AhaMW4xw7Mkl9m1Nj03V7uHsv6mx6hMgGhN2WLQlceRf5gSYpQZ8SE772J9_B_jR3Z3cLLE1lhbtSmcZK8TiZ_mRtJoWFlrOCbrbBCeVAkJES8-rxONlPRXohD1rDB2q9OkGH0DPY5B7lh3Zu2sBmvtdEgxADCqSp6X-6iy63mc62s90cQEg/w400-h300/FA93D2AF-4B23-41BB-A68B-001EFEB706A3.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">And that concludes the first ever Tetzoocon I was able to attend. Laughs were had, merchandise was bought, friends were made. I got to photograph Dougal Dixon being proud of his dinosaur tie (and also bought from him the new 40th anniversary edition of <i>After Man</i>). I hope I made some people tune into the <a href="https://anchor.fm/tk-sivgin">CMTK Podcast</a> and also read <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/">Har Deshur</a>. On the day after there was also a guided tour by Naish through the Crystal Palace Park, but I was unable to attend that because then we already had to fly back. However, I did go to the park by myself the day before the convention, and that story shall soon also be told.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtAQ6vil_LbyQaBq1f4-Uloagl2WJ8AJKAKlGuUkPunLj6cmRPgmjVfjXYeeg_Zi_vCbD5Tt-g_yhFSE1Yb0sVrdUTdSlyyNqLZS3d1K4wq3EHs00qhFf4KyXGIvo1fpHqPIaLAWWKml1XfZtw2LVeh0zlviQjeIPqH41zZfSiIkvv379_1wXwu5GepQ/s2048/A91E4F11-737F-4C3F-AF01-1A1E6DD4AB72.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="2048" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtAQ6vil_LbyQaBq1f4-Uloagl2WJ8AJKAKlGuUkPunLj6cmRPgmjVfjXYeeg_Zi_vCbD5Tt-g_yhFSE1Yb0sVrdUTdSlyyNqLZS3d1K4wq3EHs00qhFf4KyXGIvo1fpHqPIaLAWWKml1XfZtw2LVeh0zlviQjeIPqH41zZfSiIkvv379_1wXwu5GepQ/w640-h296/A91E4F11-737F-4C3F-AF01-1A1E6DD4AB72.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">If you
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Related
Posts:</span></b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/01/the-weirdest-things-people-have-thought.html">The weirdest things people have thought about pterosaurs</a></span><br /></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/10/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html">The Alien Prehistoric World Trope - Part 7</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">Behind the scenes of the Sauriermuseum, with Victoria the Hesperosaurus</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/06/an-afternoon-with-kosemen.html">An Afternoon with Kosemen</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/09/what-is-har-deshur.html">What is Har Deshur?</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/04/antique-paleoart-geology-and.html">Antique Paleoart: Geology and Inhabitants of the Ancient World</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/08/hawkinspunk-spinosaurus.html">Hawkinspunk Spinosaurus</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/12/tetzoocon-2022-day-1.html">Tetzoocon 2022 - Day 1</a><br /></span></span></span></li></ul><p></p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-62001398670724167212022-12-08T17:11:00.002+01:002022-12-16T23:05:22.505+01:00Tetzoocon 2022 - Day 1<p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoUtR6kJalCXylB_jkpTldUMmBwRjJjhHhvrQ-RYe-frYhwC79bZXC5kH9GEvXbve1Ijyj-209TJShjhBYGL7ZztK3q-5W66dxiPTlDm0pEfRr0LiFx03jekGQm6jZg9MTEspqO0bG252Re_BCn9ToTiq1IovlElPFlOw9qu_XrbBgMnK9uvEIK0pSbg/s4029/27F29E1B-277D-4618-A136-A1D3379CD9DA.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="974" data-original-width="4029" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoUtR6kJalCXylB_jkpTldUMmBwRjJjhHhvrQ-RYe-frYhwC79bZXC5kH9GEvXbve1Ijyj-209TJShjhBYGL7ZztK3q-5W66dxiPTlDm0pEfRr0LiFx03jekGQm6jZg9MTEspqO0bG252Re_BCn9ToTiq1IovlElPFlOw9qu_XrbBgMnK9uvEIK0pSbg/w640-h154/27F29E1B-277D-4618-A136-A1D3379CD9DA.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Well guys, I have done it. I have managed to attend Tetzoocon for the first time! As you know, I am not from the UK, so this was part of a wider London vacation, during which I also visited the Natural History Museum and the Crystal Palace Geological Court, as well as a bunch of non-zoology related stuff (like the pretty awesome War of the Worlds Immersive Experience), but those stories I will tell in future posts. Before I begin telling you about the first day of Tetzoocon in this post, here are a few climatological and anthropological observations I made during my first visit to the UK in over a decade:</span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">You know how in <i>Breaking Bad</i> any scene that is meant to take place in Mexico is tinted with a yellow filter? I felt like the same happened in real life as soon as I stepped out of the plane, but with the colour grey. I have never seen such greyest of greys as I did in London.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">During a bus tour at night to see the Christmas street lights I noticed that the skyline gives the grey night sky quite an alien glow. In front of this backdrop, this gave the London architecture quite a sinister appearance. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The British have technologically advanced enough to have already invented the traffic light. However, nobody in this remote part of the world has apparently had the idea yet that these lights are on occassion supposed to turn green for pedestrians, creating a peculiar culture of ritualized jaywalking. Perhaps the constantly grey environment has led an aversion to the colour green. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Fish and chips taste the best when the restaurant-owner is a Turkish man.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">This is the only country I know where law enforcement and other state employees dress like they purposefully do not want to be taken seriously. <br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The public transport system could use some work.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Everyone was very nice.</span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFuUKXxFGTvePF2TujiNh9ImjiumGnfaSfrMPbli7oi8NlP7FOnoioPKcORJoAW1A1Z8tZ_KtCFLCRwezJv45b1Q-_9DjVmzZdjK5EyLHCidjuxS5Ez4Vif74GZov02jQGam_Em-6KcR3O-6Hm62DeTx2yICVmelP2OcD2gca4zzkb_BpTan9Kg0cCRg/s4032/C667DF04-2B3C-43D5-86D1-689F64D94C76.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFuUKXxFGTvePF2TujiNh9ImjiumGnfaSfrMPbli7oi8NlP7FOnoioPKcORJoAW1A1Z8tZ_KtCFLCRwezJv45b1Q-_9DjVmzZdjK5EyLHCidjuxS5Ez4Vif74GZov02jQGam_Em-6KcR3O-6Hm62DeTx2yICVmelP2OcD2gca4zzkb_BpTan9Kg0cCRg/w480-h640/C667DF04-2B3C-43D5-86D1-689F64D94C76.jpeg" width="480" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Day 1 of Tetzoocon began early in the morning with everyone arriving and the presenters setting up the stalls. One of the first people I got to talk with by coincidence was <a href="http://planetfuraha.blogspot.com/2022/">Gert van Dijk</a>, who is a pretty nice dude. He asked me how I solved the problem of a convincing tripod walk-cycle with my <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/2022/12/striped-hellasic-dyle.html">Hellasic Dyles</a>, to which I sheepishly had to answer that my aliens are tripods more out of Martian genre obligation rather than biomechanical sense. He certainly got me there. I also got to meet my friend C.M. Kosemen for the first time in person, which was pretty great. He even brought some memento-cards for <a href="https://anchor.fm/tk-sivgin">our podcast</a>. Memo and his wife were a bit late to the event so Me and my girlfriend helped them set up his stall before going into the first presentation. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSwS_L1aEKuYTsxLGV_USCGpMsCu_N_O-rx9ENOom0NtJ6ZyML0wvgL_uUdTJgE1V7JYBlVYMkSHoF_1iDCRCy1H67d_hbys42gIIKJErb9bXEBzFX3P1DRLCzbYq4dTW9PuzgZtmLdtMMGn2QNoM2TLkHeDLqab41ZePQ2gEp8rgjYrZqmWavx3JXVg/s4032/9CDBE8BF-4746-49B9-9D8D-F5582E3B3721.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSwS_L1aEKuYTsxLGV_USCGpMsCu_N_O-rx9ENOom0NtJ6ZyML0wvgL_uUdTJgE1V7JYBlVYMkSHoF_1iDCRCy1H67d_hbys42gIIKJErb9bXEBzFX3P1DRLCzbYq4dTW9PuzgZtmLdtMMGn2QNoM2TLkHeDLqab41ZePQ2gEp8rgjYrZqmWavx3JXVg/w640-h480/9CDBE8BF-4746-49B9-9D8D-F5582E3B3721.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The event was of course opened by Darren Naish himself, no surprise there, who quipped some jokes and explained some things to newcomers.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGtRSLoX15mK0AKnEuou92MkQQITeSQWAolU2hgdQDtfKqhQZ-Wyi0B6SO8G5Wm2LK0QeefavxnrqtSgnqWR8dUcYZH7sETHR8TXXMlnFmqp5QN6s8rIDlQDsLLDbX0N-m-cbuqvDksRa2IiieqOdQfF8ZhQgm2m8BDomrl0tk_b7OM0_ZZVy2AYt4g/s1600/E7ACB1C3-DDC7-4224-BFA3-350EAEEAC644.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1600" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGtRSLoX15mK0AKnEuou92MkQQITeSQWAolU2hgdQDtfKqhQZ-Wyi0B6SO8G5Wm2LK0QeefavxnrqtSgnqWR8dUcYZH7sETHR8TXXMlnFmqp5QN6s8rIDlQDsLLDbX0N-m-cbuqvDksRa2IiieqOdQfF8ZhQgm2m8BDomrl0tk_b7OM0_ZZVy2AYt4g/w640-h296/E7ACB1C3-DDC7-4224-BFA3-350EAEEAC644.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The first proper presentation was then given by naturalist Jack Ashby, who gave a talk about his book <i>Platypus Matters: The Extraordinary Story of Australian Mammals</i>. It began with some fun facts about platypodes, some of which were certainly new to me, such as the venom produced by the animal's ankle spur being able to cause pain for months. Many of these amazing facts about the platypus Ashby then used to ask the question of why, when we talk about Australian animals, we use such traits as a reason to describe them as weird or primitive, while animals more familiar to western audiences with equally unique traits get called amazing or magnificent. From here Ashby went into the colonial history of othering Australian animals and how this not only has a lasting effect today but also how inaccurately viewing Australia as an evolutionary backwater has had a tremendously negative effect on trying to preserve the continent's fauna. Overall, a great presentation. As I myself have written about <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/10/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html">the othering of certain animals</a>, Ashby said a lot of things that resonated with me and he definitely convinced me to buy his book.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSZMWfcyCbOLjfp-9OKASw4ubCWI9zmaZoaVipvlWGs8dNecRJlpJPhRUYLx0AI3ZeTBVqFn73vFUdQMXhuihVx6p-F2OWYcfB4rK80zzN1aoumW3eKBgMrnOc3JlOIF1wPrtoMXHvGn58ZgQVZ6svcBEiHXZLhsHkPuPgn_DplKwWlRgIt5O3qta_QA/s1600/243092F2-FCCC-4EBE-9709-2875181E4DBA.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1600" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSZMWfcyCbOLjfp-9OKASw4ubCWI9zmaZoaVipvlWGs8dNecRJlpJPhRUYLx0AI3ZeTBVqFn73vFUdQMXhuihVx6p-F2OWYcfB4rK80zzN1aoumW3eKBgMrnOc3JlOIF1wPrtoMXHvGn58ZgQVZ6svcBEiHXZLhsHkPuPgn_DplKwWlRgIt5O3qta_QA/w640-h296/243092F2-FCCC-4EBE-9709-2875181E4DBA.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Hana Ayoob's planned talk unfortunately had to be cancelled, so next up was Dean Lomax talking about <i>Locked in Time</i>, a book on paleoethology which I had already read and can thus highly recommend. Lomax went into the history of what inspired his book and presented some of his favorite examples of fossilized behaviour. Pretty standard, but Lomax's energy and enthusiasm made it a very enjoyable talk.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfut8Bh2UcHP3_CXKSzDexEMisDpxn9j0y54DZ8hcALFde-Y93cNhk-_Ww1_fR-D18voBZwSsWVKrEFaUdkKj9Mc53nS6uJEbv7IAH1BPp32AJgg1HbTqKdNwyuHbY8q4yQ2ddW3ktVrPYXngIufqUz5csaWJpWoef2UjzZRMDb8nMBLRckrLprLHq8A/s4032/6B42C50F-CD54-40DD-A691-A1BBAB49927B.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfut8Bh2UcHP3_CXKSzDexEMisDpxn9j0y54DZ8hcALFde-Y93cNhk-_Ww1_fR-D18voBZwSsWVKrEFaUdkKj9Mc53nS6uJEbv7IAH1BPp32AJgg1HbTqKdNwyuHbY8q4yQ2ddW3ktVrPYXngIufqUz5csaWJpWoef2UjzZRMDb8nMBLRckrLprLHq8A/w480-h640/6B42C50F-CD54-40DD-A691-A1BBAB49927B.jpeg" width="480" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpFTRWJJUJVFGmfcEJ_E8WGznpXnHSHWyjuYI8UoVidd8s31_Wuo1yvDJxyHbSK5l5OKQUN5K5PP6uJ0mY22FvszhEJsBTaegXscBVWOXhVuWyLIUwqRtyhC2nw7lnRXrXXVGi23DtodSLnOAneP29fNBCNS4RIrz1I-u5YuDlRT5pwP5bsLy_zKiv0g/s4031/83EAE386-BBE8-4B3C-9A49-8514D8BDA91A.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3023" data-original-width="4031" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpFTRWJJUJVFGmfcEJ_E8WGznpXnHSHWyjuYI8UoVidd8s31_Wuo1yvDJxyHbSK5l5OKQUN5K5PP6uJ0mY22FvszhEJsBTaegXscBVWOXhVuWyLIUwqRtyhC2nw7lnRXrXXVGi23DtodSLnOAneP29fNBCNS4RIrz1I-u5YuDlRT5pwP5bsLy_zKiv0g/w640-h480/83EAE386-BBE8-4B3C-9A49-8514D8BDA91A.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicdhWs0lY__UtBa2b0RpIe6ZdOinYvSqV08iL1K_d9PNdKUugvjKxy_FV7PZ9lDdrYWE_JDNipb9RmVcLSlis_EgHI38oXmR4y923vZoTU0XtL3FJGEIZ4Fl1ExO5oK6r3PC_wRlVWJ3SIXX2RkE1mAVeS2tQ-qcP3renoGwFTtipdhE22Z_Z2rCdOyg/s4032/D3A88D76-7E81-480C-946B-F542E8A6C798.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicdhWs0lY__UtBa2b0RpIe6ZdOinYvSqV08iL1K_d9PNdKUugvjKxy_FV7PZ9lDdrYWE_JDNipb9RmVcLSlis_EgHI38oXmR4y923vZoTU0XtL3FJGEIZ4Fl1ExO5oK6r3PC_wRlVWJ3SIXX2RkE1mAVeS2tQ-qcP3renoGwFTtipdhE22Z_Z2rCdOyg/w480-h640/D3A88D76-7E81-480C-946B-F542E8A6C798.jpeg" width="480" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzVi3tMxRJ_jGUs0PB6fToMg0Ca0mZbtXJK6slC2I86rBrCsOJxqBd9bCQe2iWPsmyOVgMcH804TDPynea68QJY-g1gPNn3wy3pf3CVJJt-qlEIYD7-Q61jJFylKXYX8NXNV3NSyshy_-K7t2JVNWmY4vaH2ZOLen2U3C9NDJrDhmoPEyF-vOw9C_ijQ/s1600/E7C2FDB7-AF22-4F98-BD71-FEF61F03B15A.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1600" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzVi3tMxRJ_jGUs0PB6fToMg0Ca0mZbtXJK6slC2I86rBrCsOJxqBd9bCQe2iWPsmyOVgMcH804TDPynea68QJY-g1gPNn3wy3pf3CVJJt-qlEIYD7-Q61jJFylKXYX8NXNV3NSyshy_-K7t2JVNWmY4vaH2ZOLen2U3C9NDJrDhmoPEyF-vOw9C_ijQ/w640-h296/E7C2FDB7-AF22-4F98-BD71-FEF61F03B15A.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">After that was already book signing and lunch pause, where I helped Memo out at his stall and got to talk to more people. There was an interesting guy who bought three whole original drawings made for <i>All Yesterdays</i>, among which was Memo's version of Johann Jakob Scheuchzer's <i>Homo diluvii testis</i>. Working for the museum where most of Scheuchzer's original collection is stored (though the original salamander fossil is unfortunately still in Haarlem), I told the man some facts about that story, which led to him wanting to record my voice because apparently I was the first German-speaking person ever who could tell him the correct pronunciation of Scheuchzer's name. Pretty bizarre experience. Edit: As it turns out, the person in question was zoologist Paul Stewart.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtXGWyDnoXq_-YJJys5pLLnRMqX6GJEOAFpRaOPllzS9nZSxzJT7SPqQo4jJRWx-riP9deVXhFvVJ2mfLpHvHQ4LfNNJ5FeefDxpAysEJS9euHb-B137q6budkT9gNBkXKFGnOBX7jI-9VPDGlNXbKtYNf9emp2c6MVGYYz9Pz4_pAxlIDVgR5wYRwDw/s4032/0B415797-EEE5-4EEE-ACD3-9569800A22BA.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtXGWyDnoXq_-YJJys5pLLnRMqX6GJEOAFpRaOPllzS9nZSxzJT7SPqQo4jJRWx-riP9deVXhFvVJ2mfLpHvHQ4LfNNJ5FeefDxpAysEJS9euHb-B137q6budkT9gNBkXKFGnOBX7jI-9VPDGlNXbKtYNf9emp2c6MVGYYz9Pz4_pAxlIDVgR5wYRwDw/w640-h480/0B415797-EEE5-4EEE-ACD3-9569800A22BA.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSxWsMmoFf_cL4tmTBDvCKG4uU9NBL1Id7qoCdlIL6rPdi_r_ek3GSK0E5eX8OCEtMv0KuqtfxuCxssobzd49sPGPlDAeyyscJBuO8Eq1i76M64bQC--DKvGP1mzfOXYof50LtcRqHqlqxWEqNDb032fB2PSY6RRyMLYh_uet3NiYswLZgRZ7GW1EK5g/s4032/74FF792D-F42C-4C35-A183-843B4D1164ED.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSxWsMmoFf_cL4tmTBDvCKG4uU9NBL1Id7qoCdlIL6rPdi_r_ek3GSK0E5eX8OCEtMv0KuqtfxuCxssobzd49sPGPlDAeyyscJBuO8Eq1i76M64bQC--DKvGP1mzfOXYof50LtcRqHqlqxWEqNDb032fB2PSY6RRyMLYh_uet3NiYswLZgRZ7GW1EK5g/w640-h480/74FF792D-F42C-4C35-A183-843B4D1164ED.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Then came the big talk where Kosemen, Naish and Conway reminisced on the anniversary of <i>All Yesterdays</i>. Most of it was Naish retelling the story of how the book came to be, with some added details by Kosemen and Conway. I felt like I had heard most of it already and wished they had gone more into detail about the different reactions to the book and the movement it started, as well as what direction they thought paleoart might be heading into in the future. But hey, I will probably ask Memo that directly in the podcast.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvi2ZSu1BXdP9HTIo5x82-jenVTOjzoj9LmL7om0q3QYAgH6SIBekHGVtlOFIqjiWnrqOpl8vZM3RBqwgohYYQOf8yP6cLAkJ3kV9HSfddkvYBg0XI5ZiTRBevEMnW-lL899sfTf7TPE7athZ-9kIJiMHgfulxWHrd9v47K23cKRITrw_88Nmis1X7Q/s4032/08C948A2-A731-4948-A744-774CE5219730.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvi2ZSu1BXdP9HTIo5x82-jenVTOjzoj9LmL7om0q3QYAgH6SIBekHGVtlOFIqjiWnrqOpl8vZM3RBqwgohYYQOf8yP6cLAkJ3kV9HSfddkvYBg0XI5ZiTRBevEMnW-lL899sfTf7TPE7athZ-9kIJiMHgfulxWHrd9v47K23cKRITrw_88Nmis1X7Q/w640-h480/08C948A2-A731-4948-A744-774CE5219730.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Sitting at the talk were also these chaps from a little known website called <a href="https://chasmosaurs.com/">Love in the Time of Chasmosaurs</a>. Maybe you have heard of them.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The next presentation, of which I unfortunately forgot to take pictures, was Jennifer Colbourne talking about tool use in animals and if certain non-bird theropods could use tools as well. The different classifications of tool-use were interesting to learn about and there is nothing disagreeable with her assessment that, if troodontids did use tools, it would have been only a very basic, biologically pre-programmed practice. I did disagree however with her statement that there is no way <a href="https://youtu.be/9KKjqXxxp-Q">fish could use tools</a>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPfm61hSKqa_i_C5wcrKgtoa2nxAthchcle1ys4NPSQtcMS_3ic-RzG2dYZVK5iGvDDRarmZcNO6o0vUxs32FC5-E5GQ-4RarNqAKqcvzhlomtB6hfsHjI0cXH5N5kVc1tsXGzJfsAJMJFAsahDXNmYy_Q-kzFWCLC2IvlxY88ioSqEk-ugGx7VJTyCQ/s1600/FB10501E-E08C-49E0-AF55-3F15F3E8EFE2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1600" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPfm61hSKqa_i_C5wcrKgtoa2nxAthchcle1ys4NPSQtcMS_3ic-RzG2dYZVK5iGvDDRarmZcNO6o0vUxs32FC5-E5GQ-4RarNqAKqcvzhlomtB6hfsHjI0cXH5N5kVc1tsXGzJfsAJMJFAsahDXNmYy_Q-kzFWCLC2IvlxY88ioSqEk-ugGx7VJTyCQ/w640-h296/FB10501E-E08C-49E0-AF55-3F15F3E8EFE2.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Then came Cassius Morrison with his presentation about Ecological niche partitioning among non-coelurosaur theropods. The things he talked about were very interesting, among which being the idea of using megalosauroids, whose diets are pretty well-known, as a sort of rosetta-stone for various Mesozoic ecosystems, as well as the realization that megalosauroids may have already had strongly water-adjacent diets even before the evolution of spinosaurids. This might mean that giant carnivores like <i>Torvosaurus </i>should be imagined more as ecologically bear-like rather than as apex-predators. The problem was just that the way Morrison presented all this felt very long-winded and dragging. I think he could have summarized many things more concisely and I believe he also went noticeably overtime.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzZ11SndBAo07QLCaIM6iEXEzEmvClWb0NCbOCwJSv-6l7dCmnnaylJ1qgKITfTMyusy-y1-Ai1XwNTP4PF6XbkBKLX1YWD_-4aSCET3KJE3VCDfWNDELgkuyBl_fbcdaCqBU1J9Cr4l-UbBgqmQu8l-R9rkY_JVf28tZdeFEj-1u2gPD62LYe47twQ/s4032/Tetzoo15.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzZ11SndBAo07QLCaIM6iEXEzEmvClWb0NCbOCwJSv-6l7dCmnnaylJ1qgKITfTMyusy-y1-Ai1XwNTP4PF6XbkBKLX1YWD_-4aSCET3KJE3VCDfWNDELgkuyBl_fbcdaCqBU1J9Cr4l-UbBgqmQu8l-R9rkY_JVf28tZdeFEj-1u2gPD62LYe47twQ/w640-h480/Tetzoo15.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">At last was Darren Naish's talk on the often overlooked herpetofauna of Britain, which was pretty good. Naish went into the fossil history of reptiles and amphibians of the British Isles, as well as many unfortunate mistakes in assessing the true herpetological diversity of the country, such as when pool frogs were for a long time mistaken as an introduced species, leading to their British population going extinct before it was realized they were natives all along. There is apparently also still a debate over whether treefrogs were ever native to the area or not. The presentation then took a surprising turn when Naish revealed that there were various Victorian societies that purposefully tried to integrate exotic animals into the native British ecosystem, which today has in some cases made it difficult to say which lizards living over there were ever native or introduced. Really fascinating stuff and presented by Naish in a very engaging manner. I also have a suspicion that he came across some of these things while earlier researching the phenomenon of British big cats.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSfUCjTUgp7ozAKyD-HyAhad5Wxu6GQN7ssAgB3TmjBP8yS6vW2WIqxz49uU7TqqvjRrZKFwRnBJS8h-wAqLJNocYPEdUlnptmWfxHbwrDWXSLCg1JGCk_yLjRVoGmustLRz1tCik90BcXOr8hVIxPWiXe51fuuITecqpiVTXSI0OV0BgpeYpHF2APA/s4032/1A26EE87-6CDF-42B6-B029-C315CE946034.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmSfUCjTUgp7ozAKyD-HyAhad5Wxu6GQN7ssAgB3TmjBP8yS6vW2WIqxz49uU7TqqvjRrZKFwRnBJS8h-wAqLJNocYPEdUlnptmWfxHbwrDWXSLCg1JGCk_yLjRVoGmustLRz1tCik90BcXOr8hVIxPWiXe51fuuITecqpiVTXSI0OV0BgpeYpHF2APA/w300-h400/1A26EE87-6CDF-42B6-B029-C315CE946034.jpeg" width="300" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFjxnwX1qSra9VDGFGypX9OKbX3EBFlSpZSlf0tVC0SHnAKbaJdmm9PfpPB7EggSZyCG5I6Pxu5eaYMW4wvQKxvPU81C4sRyppNRR0ClLm8vvwVEbTID8Qqxb3n5ws_fXblTb6WBT56wCDskjaMyCg9KgSbxSbKBYkkfYTJc2G9CWLObmHuCMQj9mGrw/s1600/C6B75C56-AE55-47F8-AD67-B6962657ADFB.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1600" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFjxnwX1qSra9VDGFGypX9OKbX3EBFlSpZSlf0tVC0SHnAKbaJdmm9PfpPB7EggSZyCG5I6Pxu5eaYMW4wvQKxvPU81C4sRyppNRR0ClLm8vvwVEbTID8Qqxb3n5ws_fXblTb6WBT56wCDskjaMyCg9KgSbxSbKBYkkfYTJc2G9CWLObmHuCMQj9mGrw/w640-h296/C6B75C56-AE55-47F8-AD67-B6962657ADFB.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg40iOi79l8xEtDaLGfYDM8fvHMTDkhfqwpFQZSmo_v_KhChAoORr7Khg64b3uswANNFzPlAGqLis0zXCIV9vFXIPpLO9Y-dt807zCLNm6xZ-er1gZz94fZpMyYrcotNY394prGYQtXtZ4GrKV2A4JG1BhlqxsfsHUSyQv_ltvLcpacsVM5rGPoi50UxA/s1600/C9E41FEE-1B3E-4EED-8CDF-B996C12A67C4.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1600" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg40iOi79l8xEtDaLGfYDM8fvHMTDkhfqwpFQZSmo_v_KhChAoORr7Khg64b3uswANNFzPlAGqLis0zXCIV9vFXIPpLO9Y-dt807zCLNm6xZ-er1gZz94fZpMyYrcotNY394prGYQtXtZ4GrKV2A4JG1BhlqxsfsHUSyQv_ltvLcpacsVM5rGPoi50UxA/w640-h296/C9E41FEE-1B3E-4EED-8CDF-B996C12A67C4.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">After the presentations came the art gallery where I think everyone had a great time conversing with each other. Dougal Dixon signed my original German copy of <i>After Man</i>, Miranda was infatuated with Gert van Dijk's alien art...</span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl3W_68RPU_7HTM_OEqo_UMZ3ITmWJE7dkLjMnXrC2b0upz1q1cTOMwQzSro1J75oyAdrAg651XFSgjKdXBdZx1dCKxo-tysGKNNoopuFJ_n47_q6ggC2ZvQhaDTCnSix8BtbDIIYjaakyCgCT40W2fxlrz8Ng-KEVcgkIuEtFwx3zt34VVEBU-4bdPQ/s4032/4540AB05-9D23-42A3-A52B-1ED7C873FBF3.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl3W_68RPU_7HTM_OEqo_UMZ3ITmWJE7dkLjMnXrC2b0upz1q1cTOMwQzSro1J75oyAdrAg651XFSgjKdXBdZx1dCKxo-tysGKNNoopuFJ_n47_q6ggC2ZvQhaDTCnSix8BtbDIIYjaakyCgCT40W2fxlrz8Ng-KEVcgkIuEtFwx3zt34VVEBU-4bdPQ/w640-h480/4540AB05-9D23-42A3-A52B-1ED7C873FBF3.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPCOnX9ygrgu1D1BDsBizZuimyTZk26nf6dYN_ASDAf7Ndzevp-XhqyK_EaGgYjNIyQww6I3VMI0Fxl9HxwHHTKm5ahPSSfec2aBaPHPTspfYSg4lnAz9uooqvqtX_uhDskrFZ9lWDiWcQ_odZFdghq8hqxpiRBc60LOBLiFnCJ0u2Wrff8zdATfiEpw/s1600/E1B4CF23-2591-4DFD-999E-5D3F2607F8C7.jpeg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="739" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPCOnX9ygrgu1D1BDsBizZuimyTZk26nf6dYN_ASDAf7Ndzevp-XhqyK_EaGgYjNIyQww6I3VMI0Fxl9HxwHHTKm5ahPSSfec2aBaPHPTspfYSg4lnAz9uooqvqtX_uhDskrFZ9lWDiWcQ_odZFdghq8hqxpiRBc60LOBLiFnCJ0u2Wrff8zdATfiEpw/w185-h400/E1B4CF23-2591-4DFD-999E-5D3F2607F8C7.jpeg" width="185" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">...and I got to meet Mr. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@biblaridion6359/videos">Biblaridion</a> of Alien Biospheres fame himself. Fantastic guy, I must say. We talked about the joys of mass extinction in spec-evo, languages and the regrets we have for some of our older content. Afte the event, Memo, Michael and Me went together to a Chinese restaurant and had a nice evening.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">But that is not all of course, since the event continued the next day and we will get to that soon.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">If you
liked this and other articles, please consider supporting me on Patreon. I am
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Related
Posts:</span></b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/10/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html">The Alien Prehistoric World Trope - Part 7</a></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">Behind the scenes of the Sauriermuseum, with Victoria the Hesperosaurus</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/06/an-afternoon-with-kosemen.html">An Afternoon with Kosemen</a> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/09/what-is-har-deshur.html">What is Har Deshur?</a> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB"> <br /></span></b></span></span></li></ul>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-17677215387922254162022-11-27T23:42:00.000+01:002022-11-27T23:42:08.515+01:00I am coming to Tetzcoon 2022! <span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Almost forgot to mention it anywhere. This December 3rd and 4th I will be attending Tetzoocon. This will be the first time ever where I attend the convention and also the first time in over a decade that I visit London and Great Britain again. </span><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">I will be there only as a visitor, but C.M. Kosemen, with whom I am hosting the <a href="https://anchor.fm/tk-sivgin">CMTK Podcast</a>, will obviously be a guest speaker at the All Yesterdays Retrospective presentation. For the convention he will actually be bringing little, signable memento cards with his Snaiad and my <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/">Har Deshur</a> creatures on them, so look out for those!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is not much else I can say. I am obviously not a big name in this scene, so most people will not care about my presence (which I somewhat prefer). But if any of you readers look forward to meeting me in person and don’t know what I look like, you can identify me by the unreasonably large amount of dinosaur pins I will be wearing on my sweater.</span></div>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-34208922999538596672022-11-12T08:33:00.001+01:002024-02-12T11:08:59.389+01:00Diplodocus: A history of reconstructions - Part 2<div><p><!--[if !mso]>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Here we are back again with a history of <i>Diplodocus</i> reconstructions! </span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/07/diplodocus-history-of-reconstructions.html"><span lang="EN-GB">Last part</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> we looked at the very first
reconstructions of the genus, its predecessors and the fame and controversy
that came with the various Dippy mounts. Today we will look at what happened
after, as well as the many, sometimes weird ideas that have been made about the genus.</span></span></span>
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">From Water to
Land</span></b></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVzF2dWySXrxwNipj3HDY4xKvY7vBfc5OI-NZx76lLEtUL8tKhIRJWwFMp0t1V5VPPfBQFgCO1TNhDATCmSYpMQ9MH7icbwo2u6O_EjGFa1jVkpeOSNWcXc7eZSTqllJvyQSXbU5J9YspbWtUGxdYyq_FQesp-_ShszygTGsvB3yc0oEVtejm09IM1nw/s792/Diplodocus%20Mussel.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="792" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVzF2dWySXrxwNipj3HDY4xKvY7vBfc5OI-NZx76lLEtUL8tKhIRJWwFMp0t1V5VPPfBQFgCO1TNhDATCmSYpMQ9MH7icbwo2u6O_EjGFa1jVkpeOSNWcXc7eZSTqllJvyQSXbU5J9YspbWtUGxdYyq_FQesp-_ShszygTGsvB3yc0oEVtejm09IM1nw/w640-h420/Diplodocus%20Mussel.PNG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 1</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Starting
from the 1920s onward, <i>Diplodocus</i><span>, like all sauropods,</span><i> </i>was interpreted as an erect-legged, but
tail-dragging and mostly aquatic animal, with some researchers, such as William
Diller Matthew, even going as far as saying that they never left the water by
giving birth to live young. The most common interpretation about their diet was
that they fed on soft aquatic plants, as their teeth seemed highly unsuited for
chewing anything tougher. It was also thought that the head was too small to
gather enough food to feed the giant body in bulk, hence why they were
restricted to a very slow metabolism. But even back then, some questions about
their diet came up, especially in relation to the bizarre, pencil-like teeth of
<i>Diplodocus</i><span> with their blunt tips. In 1924, William Jacob Holland, the same man
who supervised the Dippy mounts, proposed that <i>Diplodocus </i>may have
actually primarily fed on mussels and other shelled animals, using the teeth to
pluck them from rocks. The poor clams were then swallowed whole and crushed in
a gizzard by gastroliths. Although he was the one proposing it, Holland himself
was skeptical of the idea, as he correctly observed that no one has ever found
mollusc shells in the stomach region of any sauropod skeleton. The idea still
interestingly foreshadows some modern suggestions that <i>Nigersaurus </i>may
have been a freshwater filter-feeder (Hallett & Wedel 2016).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZ-GPme5a_CP-l0_lM9HUZM2b1Te1bZ9U3AxB0AZQtA1Ajs9W_b6ckmFoCEz73nl-f5XIC_WpynUAnBFPihSgrzTvM16WvbPJEYzPvNPTd1GM2gBIUd09GhlZ7GZz5ZrVVBUyCLWCfBpIEZwyD9JQrDHdEa9dQQU_7nd6hdmmAGB9d2ZJPzxSQZBbAQ/s686/Smithsonian%20Diplodocus%201.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="686" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZ-GPme5a_CP-l0_lM9HUZM2b1Te1bZ9U3AxB0AZQtA1Ajs9W_b6ckmFoCEz73nl-f5XIC_WpynUAnBFPihSgrzTvM16WvbPJEYzPvNPTd1GM2gBIUd09GhlZ7GZz5ZrVVBUyCLWCfBpIEZwyD9JQrDHdEa9dQQU_7nd6hdmmAGB9d2ZJPzxSQZBbAQ/w640-h500/Smithsonian%20Diplodocus%201.PNG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 2</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">In the 30s,
new specimens were being discovered, such as the Smithsonian’s USNM V 108655,
adding to our knowledge about the genus. This specimen was originally assigned
to the type species <i>D. longus</i>, but seems to more likely have been part
of <i>Diplodocus hallorum </i>(Tschopp et al. 2015), which you might know
better as “Seismosaurus”.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidQ2n516nlf9bt6xjGa8zioUD_frf-uL2bHf39k7bC-4tUqe6LKLtyAOQD0qJxmQRLjA1Y3BkG3sVhXCZ1Kx7j4CBydr2xly2G8Eu-nYHOP9yr8PIHx0vwKtrWPwLPiHZ2SU6odMVbldRTm_Aul9htjDHkcfiA_cxmum6Yry7o9taLYleSgmEvgOQb8A/s765/Meheut%20Diplodocus.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="765" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidQ2n516nlf9bt6xjGa8zioUD_frf-uL2bHf39k7bC-4tUqe6LKLtyAOQD0qJxmQRLjA1Y3BkG3sVhXCZ1Kx7j4CBydr2xly2G8Eu-nYHOP9yr8PIHx0vwKtrWPwLPiHZ2SU6odMVbldRTm_Aul9htjDHkcfiA_cxmum6Yry7o9taLYleSgmEvgOQb8A/w640-h316/Meheut%20Diplodocus.png" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6uPzmTA1X-f4_Zsy0qEMYvaB7Boe9ae8_gTMzhJM636qC7pE0OIubKhaiyA9Dv3GcbNpnEVN2uDvSjD6RVuJUXYhLNLMwlXVSVHFfw0aYBcc60vG809p3wtZmRZd5JQ_y9KIpFwZb-2tqjq6lhW0RjJ1BTUhXGdGJSgJbhOFOlcm4q71CF1hZaNPAqA/s1600/Burian%20Diplodocus.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="924" data-original-width="1600" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6uPzmTA1X-f4_Zsy0qEMYvaB7Boe9ae8_gTMzhJM636qC7pE0OIubKhaiyA9Dv3GcbNpnEVN2uDvSjD6RVuJUXYhLNLMwlXVSVHFfw0aYBcc60vG809p3wtZmRZd5JQ_y9KIpFwZb-2tqjq6lhW0RjJ1BTUhXGdGJSgJbhOFOlcm4q71CF1hZaNPAqA/w640-h370/Burian%20Diplodocus.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 3 & 4</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">The view of
<i>Diplodocus </i>and other sauropods as
aquatic grazers prevailed well into the 40s and 50s, as can be seen by these
two paintings, the top one made by Mathurin Méheut for the French University of
Rennes and the bottom one by none other than Zdeněk Burian. </span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLzzQzCu3zG3xGvHHt5JCyAwGI64_s8YsTWjb_PavN4ojvXxHtCU7rxgRAf7lCGAiWO2IfuzfTbZIfyTxyfdadmGcjtm0R3kK9FV4523xmbdT8leUwoodkxSGlrwaJ5f2WM-J76EV0y8n49_iPh1rRQ2j2Oshdq_IcLG9H-fhvWdN30Y3eg8vImDJuaQ/s474/Burian%20Brachiosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="474" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLzzQzCu3zG3xGvHHt5JCyAwGI64_s8YsTWjb_PavN4ojvXxHtCU7rxgRAf7lCGAiWO2IfuzfTbZIfyTxyfdadmGcjtm0R3kK9FV4523xmbdT8leUwoodkxSGlrwaJ5f2WM-J76EV0y8n49_iPh1rRQ2j2Oshdq_IcLG9H-fhvWdN30Y3eg8vImDJuaQ/w640-h442/Burian%20Brachiosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 5</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Already in
the 50s, doubt began to appear about the classic watery sauropods. Kenneth
Kermack’s (1951) studies showed that the laws of physics would have prevented them from using their long necks as a snorkel, like here in this Burian
reconstruction of <i>Brachiosaurus</i>, as the water pressure on a fully
submerged sauropod would have compressed its lungs so much that it would have
been impossible for it to draw in air through its windpipe. If you want to test
this yourself (though mind you that this is pretty unsafe), drop to the bottom
of a pool and try drawing in air through a two-metre straw. Unfortunately, Kermack’s
conclusions were either ignored by the paleontological community or dismissed
by Edwin Colbert with the argument that whales can breathe while in the water
just fine (Desmond 1975), ignoring the fact that whales do not have long necks
and have to come very close to the water surface with nearly the whole body in
order to take in air.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXpXpqlVfKe7ThZEViTJylhIOcE9sLznNULD1oDOaJT2ISZgcbHTARFYtTH5WWErGv_ITOQkY6NxQ_bRBP07VD3cirIb-DMFKGSUrKHRAyDVn-nqegSHH97yzDFNCApFkuH5EbjNB7E3JElSQZW4NPq4YFNThQew4hCc2REXEYT4No3c4_YHjEe2jYA/s546/Bakker%20Barosaurus.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="546" height="624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXpXpqlVfKe7ThZEViTJylhIOcE9sLznNULD1oDOaJT2ISZgcbHTARFYtTH5WWErGv_ITOQkY6NxQ_bRBP07VD3cirIb-DMFKGSUrKHRAyDVn-nqegSHH97yzDFNCApFkuH5EbjNB7E3JElSQZW4NPq4YFNThQew4hCc2REXEYT4No3c4_YHjEe2jYA/w640-h624/Bakker%20Barosaurus.PNG" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 6</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">In the late
60s, much change was on its way. In his influential paper <i>The superiority of
dinosaurs</i>, Robert Bakker (1968) readdressed Kermack’s results and found
various other flaws with the idea of sauropods having hippo-like lifestyles.
Their hollow bones meant that they would have awkwardly floated on the water’s
surface, whereas hippos and whales have heavy, solid bones in order to better
sink. The feet of sauropods were also not adapted for muddy environments and,
perhaps most importantly, many of their fossils were found in sediments that
implied a very arid environment. Bakker reinterpreted the sauropods not only as
fully terrestrial animals that ate the leaves of tall plants like giraffes do
today, but also as metabolically highly active creatures, which used their
bizarre teeth to rake off coniferous plant matter in massive bulk to then
digest it in a gizzard (if sauropods truly used gastroliths to break down their
food has come into question over the years (Wings & Sander 2007) and pure
hindgut fermentation through a specialized caecum may be more viable (Hallett
& Wedel 2016)). While not <i>Diplodocus</i>,
Bakker used close relative <i>Barosaurus </i>to
provocatively illustrate this new vision of sauropods, showing the animals with
a proudly high-held neck, the tail well above ground, striding into the
prehistoric savannah like giraffes. This roughly still remains the default
interpretation of sauropod lifestyle, as many subsequent studies have confirmed
its validity. But it was certainly not the end of mystery and debate around the
life appearance of these animals.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Much noise
about a nose</span></b></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSF3wFuRjRLqQ7_VZ9o7zE-BSCf-6SvJ2sTK6qY1CzTJEGX1Srv_I4qhc-btxUHwnVcCpA9VZjiS54qjJUs7j2OX-tPW3iScv3zU5zErU4DhPBEwj70mpSBnsLcJf9WTYqhe21rgFSY_1GMMtn7L59Qgpo06e-MddwwYJev4TcXcaMNfEEYab_eZPVnQ/s3086/Bakker%20Diplodocus%20B.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3086" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSF3wFuRjRLqQ7_VZ9o7zE-BSCf-6SvJ2sTK6qY1CzTJEGX1Srv_I4qhc-btxUHwnVcCpA9VZjiS54qjJUs7j2OX-tPW3iScv3zU5zErU4DhPBEwj70mpSBnsLcJf9WTYqhe21rgFSY_1GMMtn7L59Qgpo06e-MddwwYJev4TcXcaMNfEEYab_eZPVnQ/w628-h640/Bakker%20Diplodocus%20B.jpg" width="628" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 7</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">One of the
first questions trying to be unravelled during the Dinosaur Renaissance was
that of the sauropod face. Most sauropods, especially <i>Diplodocus</i>, have their nares (the bony holes for the nostrils) on
top of their skull right above the eyes. Classically, the nostrils were
therefore placed right there as well, giving these animals a whale-like
blowhole, which of course perfectly lined up with their original aquatic
interpretation. With the knowledge that sauropods were actually land dwellers,
the position of the nostrils became an intriguing mystery during the Dinosaur
Renaissance. A sober take by McLoughlin (1979) was that the “blowhole” instead
developed to more easily breathe while the mouth was submerged deeply in the
spiky canopies of conifer trees. Giraffes, gerenuks and other high-browsing
mammals of today also have retracted nostrils to not get stung in the nose by
tree needles and in recent times this has even been put forth as an explanation
for the sauropod-like skulls of litoptern mammals like famous <i>Macrauchenia </i><span>(Croft 2016)</span>.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXm_Wunnlr1VWqnxz5ssyiIYdERJbZNHLDqntpy5c-dYoSbE33o3cnNutSsLfYqIS3uzz1DYIW3-LtcyQvll8hUfKg7DydTomnj2855CrSKciPdfaenoAUzmd5cHsC0U2BYr-a2bt-A83-i_XQ3AJU0u1mv9QG694dIIORFitM3n9aWbXsLPlZPJrjHQ/s3123/Bakker%20Diplodocus%20C.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3123" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXm_Wunnlr1VWqnxz5ssyiIYdERJbZNHLDqntpy5c-dYoSbE33o3cnNutSsLfYqIS3uzz1DYIW3-LtcyQvll8hUfKg7DydTomnj2855CrSKciPdfaenoAUzmd5cHsC0U2BYr-a2bt-A83-i_XQ3AJU0u1mv9QG694dIIORFitM3n9aWbXsLPlZPJrjHQ/w620-h640/Bakker%20Diplodocus%20C.jpg" width="620" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 8</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">However,
the most infamous take was of course that there never was a blowhole. Coombs
(1975) was the first to argue that the retracted nares were actually evidence
for a proboscis, based on the fact that animals like tapirs or elephants also
have retracted nares to give a strong base for their trunks. Coombs himself did
not illustrate this, but many after him did, such as Bakker (1986) above, who
was open to the idea, but seems to have preferred the classic blowhole, with
the explanation that the on-top nostril-position may have instead been useful for
sound production. The sauropod trunk became a recurring phenomenon throughout
many 70s and 80s books, mostly aimed at general audiences (read: children) to
illustrate the degree of uncertainty in paleontological reconstructions. A
trunked alternate history sauropod even appeared in Dougal Dixon’s <i>The New <span>Dinosaurs</span></i>. Today the idea of the sauropod trunk is not taken
seriously anymore, for good reason. No reptile group ever had the facial
musculature required for such an organ and various details of the skull anatomy
also speak against it.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj46jDtL5E8RHVd36cQEznO6XLZJuwvsCnFzb0gYvqWl1LPwZ3CCwHXvfhb3gD8wsy0Fyyadi0zmcEUVTB6TlVxIdB3XgFw4DB7Q4UKyLMeHWP-kbFT46CsIgViF6WhuP80IVa25PpmzLlgBWXdrlzL4DLE1IMawwGwazqlZVGFo6Qv1EuxDkn5QJuiNw/s443/Lipped%20Diplodocus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="350" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj46jDtL5E8RHVd36cQEznO6XLZJuwvsCnFzb0gYvqWl1LPwZ3CCwHXvfhb3gD8wsy0Fyyadi0zmcEUVTB6TlVxIdB3XgFw4DB7Q4UKyLMeHWP-kbFT46CsIgViF6WhuP80IVa25PpmzLlgBWXdrlzL4DLE1IMawwGwazqlZVGFo6Qv1EuxDkn5QJuiNw/w506-h640/Lipped%20Diplodocus.jpg" width="506" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 9</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Nonetheless,
researcher John Martin proposed a variation if it in 1996 with this 3D model of
<i>Diplodocus </i>with prehensile lips. This
never went anywhere and the exact reasoning and methods behind it remain
obscure, though <a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/no-trunks-for-sauropods-2012/">as Darren Naish noted</a>, the position of the nostrils in this
model is somewhat prophetic.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho9Hbn3AqrDd51qkVP8dxxLe2yzrsc0Sc9PtBqjdZuLIUFOtE4hcrPmhhSYNnNn1GuhYSbSM25i1h5g3Lr8nW6GVj9JBdPlgwGlzN4Nlb_P9q0ob3ItLQG6PdkGvq0TapGpA1lfGxGlD5h8stWMIChiG0RDtrHQ79tyfSeWT1LWcRsCIMySEZSZ88tEg/s3018/Diplo%20noses.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2932" data-original-width="3018" height="622" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho9Hbn3AqrDd51qkVP8dxxLe2yzrsc0Sc9PtBqjdZuLIUFOtE4hcrPmhhSYNnNn1GuhYSbSM25i1h5g3Lr8nW6GVj9JBdPlgwGlzN4Nlb_P9q0ob3ItLQG6PdkGvq0TapGpA1lfGxGlD5h8stWMIChiG0RDtrHQ79tyfSeWT1LWcRsCIMySEZSZ88tEg/w640-h622/Diplo%20noses.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 10</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">For in
2001, Lawrence Witmer released an influential study, wherein he compared the
fleshy nostril positions of various living reptiles and came to the conclusion
that the position of it in sauropods and other dinosaurs was much more forward
on the skull, close to the snout-tip, as in most other terrestrial vertebrates.
In this view, the bony nostrils were just the base for an elaborate
flesh-and-cartilage structure, not too dissimilar from what is seen in the noses
of modern monitor lizards. This probably could have served a variety of
functions, like sound production, thermoregulation and/or maybe housing a rete
mirable, the same type of organ giraffes use to soften blood pressure when
lowering their heads.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr2hMCwFpLIewiN6DfBRz7r_pOlHYq9p4ULGyiwtExx2EGhTtOWaFdXHlFD3cfE4qb85BaOHzP5z3BXbkT-qDQ1T0jrEw7CGC-JWYh-FdKVb_2luTDHEQirGpb2XH4FolWTYivwlR3_sAsJC0yU-16CoAwZJwzRGQ35rQzJsyeRx71RXweBbDdbk3Oxg/s3910/Drinking%20Brachiosaurus.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1743" data-original-width="3910" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr2hMCwFpLIewiN6DfBRz7r_pOlHYq9p4ULGyiwtExx2EGhTtOWaFdXHlFD3cfE4qb85BaOHzP5z3BXbkT-qDQ1T0jrEw7CGC-JWYh-FdKVb_2luTDHEQirGpb2XH4FolWTYivwlR3_sAsJC0yU-16CoAwZJwzRGQ35rQzJsyeRx71RXweBbDdbk3Oxg/w640-h286/Drinking%20Brachiosaurus.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 11</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Witmer’s
hypothesis has become widely accepted among modern paleontologists and has now
become a standard in paleoart. It should be mentioned, however, that not
everyone has been on-board with this. Though open to the fleshy nose
reconstructions, Hallett & Wedel (2016) still prefer the classic placement,
for a rather succinct reason. Many of the giant, erect-necked sauropods would
have had to bow their neck and head down to drink water at such an angle that,
if the nostrils were truly at the front of the snout, they would have been
submerged in the water, while if they were atop the head, the animal could have
breathed more easily. In some ways this seems to go full circle to the old
blowhole-interpretation, though it seems like a valid point to consider. The idea that
retracted nostrils also made bulk-feeding on thorny trees easier could also still hold some
water.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">The Neck Wars</span></b></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmUlaMNaUS6r2AsETfv9B2eDqROCXXmN_54imjSdTotH9cvHH3ZCBJw8FCZPAkmnDZmrqz_EIlrpyR3p9PZaGoeTTxZKrB1PSW6Pv47_x3AuaqGneMqe5rdeJiz_54xVJf6j3_ZgaI8OmwYgUJUsuF344MccluUNxoAZZR9clqeGaT-bKkhup55VfLA/s748/Stevens%20Diplodocus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="579" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmUlaMNaUS6r2AsETfv9B2eDqROCXXmN_54imjSdTotH9cvHH3ZCBJw8FCZPAkmnDZmrqz_EIlrpyR3p9PZaGoeTTxZKrB1PSW6Pv47_x3AuaqGneMqe5rdeJiz_54xVJf6j3_ZgaI8OmwYgUJUsuF344MccluUNxoAZZR9clqeGaT-bKkhup55VfLA/w496-h640/Stevens%20Diplodocus.jpg" width="496" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 12</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">A more
well-known issue that arose in the 90s is the question of neck-posture. As a
counter-movement to the increasingly more giraffe-like interpretation of
sauropod lifestyle, paleontologists such as John Martin (1998) or Kent Stevens
(1999) used computer model studies to argue that the sauropod neck was quite
stiff and predominantly held in the osteologically neutral posture, meaning
horizontally straight forward and largely unable to raise the head above
shoulder-level, with the musculature actually being better adapted towards
bending the neck down. In this view, sauropods such as <i>Diplodocus </i>were actually low-browsers, who evolved their necks to
more easily forage the ground like living vacuum cleaners or giant geese without
having to move much. This interpretation was famously immortalized by
documentaries such as <i>Walking with
Dinosaurs</i>.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd8jZfT4OpmXExiVLH5uzSCcogvZDcCnAr_yvDEnbV9iD5pcitK5ObdAiFdUZZ5i5E_eb5CXPpAJjngWazeNacaozq6a2bhxyviVIPiP0Qo3YwTBYNBmyYg6hXM7Fz2sTKawZ9KnISSVvr_8RUqk0lIeJciiBt1Q-9ODng5htmp0jybhgkQg5HscayTg/s1024/Diplo%20neck.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="1024" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd8jZfT4OpmXExiVLH5uzSCcogvZDcCnAr_yvDEnbV9iD5pcitK5ObdAiFdUZZ5i5E_eb5CXPpAJjngWazeNacaozq6a2bhxyviVIPiP0Qo3YwTBYNBmyYg6hXM7Fz2sTKawZ9KnISSVvr_8RUqk0lIeJciiBt1Q-9ODng5htmp0jybhgkQg5HscayTg/w640-h510/Diplo%20neck.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 13</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Although
quite popular throughout the 90s and 2000s and still repeated in some popular
sources here and there, this idea has come under quite a lot of criticism. Not
only is the vertical lifestyle blatantly obvious in the skeleton of sauropods
such as <i>Giraffatitan</i>, but almost all living tetrapods do not hold their
necks in the osteologically neutral posture. Instead, muscles, ligaments and
especially cartilage give a great deal more flexibility than would be expected
from just the bones, with the neck more often than not being actually held
diagonal curving upward when neutral (Taylor et al. 2009). A horizontally held,
stiff neck would have also been a prime unprotected target for various
predatory dinosaurs (Hallett & Wedel 2016). Even independently of the low-browsing
hypothesis, the idea that sauropods evolved their long necks so they could just
feed a lot without having to walk (as still repeated in recent popular media
like Brusatte’s <i>The Rise and Fall of the
Dinosaurs</i>) makes little sense, for no living large animal functions by this
strategy (Hallett & Wedel 2016). The energy expended by walking up to a
close food source is trivial, especially for large animals, as their larger
steps alone mean they need to walk less, they actually use fewer calories relative
to their size and need less food per kilogram than smaller animals (Hallett
& Wedel 2016). So, if you feed from the ground, simply using your legs will
always stay the more viable option rather than evolving a new hyperspecialized
organ, which makes it far more likely that the sauropod neck instead evolved to
reach hard-to-access food sources, such as tree canopies. Of course, one might
point to ostriches, being long-necked grass-eaters, but their neck length
evolved to compensate for their long legs, which they need to run away from
predators (Bakker 1986), something which sauropods did not do. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPxZAM411CxbnZyxdgazxGerBWWyRBvnWSgdSeS0mMzCxU3QoxeP5YAxwahiC6AxDVI3aH1hUaL5OsPlUuQIlekLg-V8WeJo3pKKQmgrW-tWDCJr9EHG2nkNARGkbiMx-SYDDgL3uAHWw6ZS6yiwcirSkKSCPe_hNaa6Jk440B3K3pOp9wDfIOq8LMvQ/s1000/Spinophorosaurus%201.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="1000" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPxZAM411CxbnZyxdgazxGerBWWyRBvnWSgdSeS0mMzCxU3QoxeP5YAxwahiC6AxDVI3aH1hUaL5OsPlUuQIlekLg-V8WeJo3pKKQmgrW-tWDCJr9EHG2nkNARGkbiMx-SYDDgL3uAHWw6ZS6yiwcirSkKSCPe_hNaa6Jk440B3K3pOp9wDfIOq8LMvQ/w640-h472/Spinophorosaurus%201.webp" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 14</span> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">A perhaps
final blow was dealt to the beam-necked sauropod idea with the 2020
computer-model study done by Vidal et al. on <i>Spinophorosaurus</i>. This study showed that the vertebrae of the
pelvic area of this sauropod articulated into a concave wedge, which naturally
lifted the spinal column of the animal diagonally upward and also meant the
front limb girdle sat lower than usually reconstructed. This means that even in
the osteologically neutral posture proposed by Stevens and others, the head and
neck would have been pointing upward, quite ideal for high-browsing. That the
musculature of the neck was adapted more for bending down makes even more sense
in this light, as the ligaments and bones were already doing a great job
holding it upright, meaning the animal only needed to exert muscular force when
needing to bow down to drink. This has some rather far-reaching consequences,
as <i>Spinophorosaurus </i>is generally
classified as a basal eusauropod or at least a close relative of that group and
the authors reason that this skeletal configuration would have applied to most if
not all members of that clade. Since Eusauropoda comprises the
Mamenchisauridae, the Diplodocoids (such as <i>Diplodocus
</i>or <i>Brontosaurus</i>) and the
Macronaria (Brachiosaurids and titanosaurs), this would mean that we have been
reconstructing the majority of sauropod postures not diagonal enough (</span><a href="https://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/dinosaurs-didnt-twerk-errpart-24202020"><span lang="EN-GB">though some are already on their way
to correct that</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">). </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghPECSxhYAFFbrnPrjng2fcmVpQ3kywsZiHScDhhekt21d5zuCqwQce-GkNpzuIoWPh6lml8-1tIAQPcFupLd210nVLQPT5TSHTF1PZrEF0zXzqx3AowNrJj1u28qVSg-UD7rzSOAEpXUuvAvl65TTN8dS5_aucPMG97HwoAhKhn_WCWMrnb_FKkQm-Q/s2979/Rearing%20Brontosaur.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2979" data-original-width="2577" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghPECSxhYAFFbrnPrjng2fcmVpQ3kywsZiHScDhhekt21d5zuCqwQce-GkNpzuIoWPh6lml8-1tIAQPcFupLd210nVLQPT5TSHTF1PZrEF0zXzqx3AowNrJj1u28qVSg-UD7rzSOAEpXUuvAvl65TTN8dS5_aucPMG97HwoAhKhn_WCWMrnb_FKkQm-Q/w554-h640/Rearing%20Brontosaur.jpeg" width="554" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">Fig. 15</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">In general,
it has therefore become popular again to depict <i>Diplodocus </i>and relatives (the animal depicted here seems to be a brontosaur) as high browsers. Sometimes by even using the double-beam
chevron bones in their tails that Dippy derives its name from to prop themselves up onto
their hindlegs in order to reach even higher into the treetops. <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/10/sparing-thought-for-some-fossil-plants.html">This is by far not a new idea</a>, though if this is something they did only occasionally or were specialized for doing regularly has in itself
become a minor debate (see Foster 2020). </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">A final
hurdle for the high-browsing camp is the question of how these giant animals
handled their blood pressure, which is already a challenge for the much smaller
giraffes. Most studies conclude that, in order to pump enough blood into the
head of an erect-necked sauropod such as <i>Diplodocus</i>
or <i>Giraffatitan</i>, the animals would
have required gigantic hearts rivalling those of the largest cetaceans, which
seems unlikely. This is today used as the main argument by beam-neck-supporters
against sauropods raising their necks vertically. However, to paraphrase Naish (2021),
it would be naïve to use this to discount every other evidence in favour of
erect-neck postures without first assuming that these remarkable animals did not find
solutions to these problems. Instead of having one giant heart, one proposal
has been that sauropods may have had multiple pseudohearts along the neck which
helped a more reasonably sized main heart with pumping, though such structures
are virtually unknown in modern vertebrates, making it seem unlikely (Ganse et
al. 2011). More likely, sauropods employed a wide array of smaller soft tissue
adaptations, similar to what is seen in giraffes, to collectively lower the
need for a large heart and deal with other blood pressure problems, like edema
in the extremities. These adaptations were likely a combination of a rete
mirabile, muscular venuous pumps, precapillary vasoconstriction, thicker blood
vessel walls, extremely strong connective tissues, blood-cushions in the feet
(as seen in horses), as well as blood with a much higher oxygen transport
capacity (Ganse et al. 2011). That we will ever find evidence for any of this
seems unfortunately unlikely, as such organs rarely fossilize. In the best
case scenario, a baby sauropod maybe died and got preserved in a high-quality
lagerstätte to the same degree as was the <i>Scipionyx
</i>holotype and is now waiting to be uncovered.<span style="text-transform: uppercase;"></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;">The Headless
Sauropod?</span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">In terms of
classification, a lot has also changed in the world of <i>Diplodocus</i>. First described in 1991, <i>Seismosaurus hallorum</i> soon became <i>Diplodocus hallorum </i>in the early 2000s, being a species even larger
and longer than the famous <i>D. carnegii</i>, though suspected by some to be
synonymous with the original <i>D. longus</i>. The problem with this is that <i>D.
longus</i> has itself become a dubious taxon, on account of its original
remains being too fragmentary. An attempt was therefore made in 2016 to strip <i>D.
longus</i> off its status as the type species for the genus and instead grant <i>D.
carnegii</i> the honour, but the proposal was rejected by the ICZN. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">A more distressing
revelation was made in 2015 by Tschopp et al., in the same study which also resurrected
<i>Brontosaurus</i> as a valid genus. Analysing nearly all known remains
referred to <i>Diplodocus</i>, they found
that, due to the circumstances in which they were found and assigned, none of
the skulls thought to belong to <i>Diplodocus</i>
could be conclusively linked to the taxon or the species therein. All former <i>Diplodocus </i>skulls were either actually remains
of the genus <i>Galeamopus</i> (as is the
case with the original head of Dippy, USNM 2673) or could not be identified
further than indeterminate Diplodocines, as is the case with USNM 2672, the
skull you saw in Part 1 that was retroactively assigned by Marsh to the <i>D.
longus</i> holotype. While there is a good chance that the latter ones do indeed
come from <i>Diplodocus </i><span>(Tschopp et al. 2015)</span>, we cannot
actually be sure until we find a new one firmly attached to a skeleton
that is decisively <i>Diplodocus</i>. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">In short, for now we do not know for certain what <i>Diplodocus</i>’
skull really looked like (though it likely did not differ too much from that of
other diplodocids), which makes all the earlier nitty gritty debates about soft
tissue placements rather funny in hindsight. It goes to show that even taxa we thought we knew well for a long time can still end up surprising us,
sometimes even becoming more mysterious with time.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">If you
liked this and other articles, please consider supporting me on Patreon. I am
thankful for any amount, even if it is just 1$, as it will help me at
dedicating more time to this blog and related projects. Patrons also gain early
access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Related
Posts:</span></b></span></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/11/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html"><span lang="EN-GB">The Alien Prehistoric World
Trope: Part 2 - Dinosaurs become movie monsters</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/08/the-ridoculus-history-of-sprawl-legged.html"><span lang="EN-GB">The Ridoculus History of
Sprawl-legged Diplodocus</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-1.html"><span lang="EN-GB">Visiting the Sauriermuseum
Aathal - Part 1: The Howe Quarry Dinosaurs</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/07/diplodocus-history-of-reconstructions.html">Diplodocus:
A history of reconstructions - Part 1</a></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/10/sparing-thought-for-some-fossil-plants.html">Sparing
a thought for some fossil plants or how I came to love Araucaria</a> </span></span></span></li></ul>
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sauropod necks, in: Oryctos, 1, 1998, S. 113 – 120.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Matthew, William Diller: Dinosaurs. With special reference to the
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York 1979.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Naish, Darren: Dinopedia. A Brief Compendium of Dinosaur Lore,
Princeton 2021.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Osborn, H. F., and C. C. Mook. 1921. Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias and
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Science Monthly, Vol. 72, 1908, S. 440.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span>Probst,
Ernst: Tiere der Urwelt. Leben und Werk des Berliner Malers Heinrich
Harder, Norderstedt 2014.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Russell, Dale: An Odyssey in Time. The Dinosaurs of North America,
Minocqua 1988.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Stevens, Kent/Parrish, Michael:<span>
</span>Neck Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs,
in: Science, 284, 1999, S. 798 – 800.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Taylor et al.: The long necks of sauropods did not evolve primarily
through sexual selection, in: Journal of Zoology, 824, 2011, S. 1 – 12.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tschopp, Emanuel/Mateus, Octavio/Benson, Roger: A specimen-level
phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria,
Sauropoda), in: PeerJ, 3, 2015.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Vidal, Daniel; Mocho,
Pedro; Aberasturi, Ainara, et al. : High browsing skeletal adaptations in
Spinophorosaurus reveal an evolutionary innovation in sauropod dinosaurs,
in: Scientific Reports, 10, 2020.</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Wells, Herbert George: A Short History of the World, London 1922.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Wings, Oliver & Sander, Martin: No gastric mill in sauropod
dinosaurs. New evidence from analysis of gastrolith mass and function in
ostriches, in: Proceedings of the Royal Society, 274, 2007, S. 635 – 640.</span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB">Witmer, Lawrence: Nostril Position in Dinosaurs and Other
Vertebrates and Its Significance for Nasal Function, in: Science, 293,
2001, 850 – 853.</span></span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><b><span lang="EN-GB"></span></b></span></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Image sources:</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 1: Holland 1924</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 2: Gilmore 1932.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 3: Lescaze 2017.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 4 & 5: Augusta
1956.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 6: Bakker 1968.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 7 & 8: Bakker
1986.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 9: <a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/no-trunks-for-sauropods-2012/">Junk
in the trunk</a> by Tetrapod Zoology.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 10 & 11: Hallett
& Wedel 2016, p. 105 & 98.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 12: Stevens &
Parrish 1999.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 13: Taylor et al.
2009. </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 14: Vidal et al. 2020.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fig. 15: Hallet & Wedel,
p. 146.</span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE-CH;"></span></b></li></ul>
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<p></p></div>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-2452391914978788322022-10-09T18:27:00.015+02:002022-10-10T01:21:32.246+02:00Sparing a thought for some fossil plants or how I came to love Araucaria<p><!--[if !mso]>
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
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</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-Lyg6S7C5tgcTt3nK_H9SGlUzb9MEb9Bco0g8sJrtqxL0mLyrF9AbqJVoSfwje4iVOEDa99kXF1hNJxPIURmfAJUxfUG6wQHHKphsJCoY4-g2Grsb7RlsaovQY9PokoX-Kb7MNJljad0N3966ew1woOsrYzW08wuPCZAeNpP9tmdUW38533MTSikoA/s6871/Giraffatitan.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6871" data-original-width="4816" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-Lyg6S7C5tgcTt3nK_H9SGlUzb9MEb9Bco0g8sJrtqxL0mLyrF9AbqJVoSfwje4iVOEDa99kXF1hNJxPIURmfAJUxfUG6wQHHKphsJCoY4-g2Grsb7RlsaovQY9PokoX-Kb7MNJljad0N3966ew1woOsrYzW08wuPCZAeNpP9tmdUW38533MTSikoA/w448-h640/Giraffatitan.JPG" width="448" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 1: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Giraffatitan brancai </i>struggling to reach
a particularly tall araucarian tree (Drawn by Me).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="FR-CH" style="mso-ansi-language: FR-CH;">Plants. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">When was the last time you really
put your mind’s focus on them? Despite giving us the food we eat and the oxygen
we breathe, their presence around us and our usage of them is such a matter of
fact that they do not really register as much more than scenery decoration in
the stageplay that is ours, other people’s and animal’s lives. Michael
Crichton’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jurassic Park</i>, of all
things, put it quite well: </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">People were so naïve about plants, Ellie
thought. They just chose plants for appearance, as they would choose a picture
for the wall. It never occurred to them that plants were actually living
things, busily performing all the living functions of respiration, ingestion,
excretion, reproduction – and defence. But Ellie knew that, in the earth’s
history, plants had evolved as competitively as animals, and in some ways more
fiercely. The poison of </i>Serenna vermiformans <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">was a minor example of the elaborate chemical arsenal of weapons that
plants had evolved. There were terpenes, which plants spread to poison the soil
around them and inhibit competitors; alkaloids, which made them unpalatable to
insects and predators (and children); and pheromones, used for communication. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">[…] <i>People who imagined that life on
earth consisted of animals moving against a green background seriously
misunderstood what they were seeing. That green background was busily alive.
Plants grew, moved, twisted, and turned, fighting for the sun; and they
interacted continuously with animals – discouraging some with bark and thorns;
poisoning others; and feeding still others to advance their own reproduction,
to spread their pollen and seeds. It was a complex, dynamic process which she
never ceased to find fascinating. And which she knew most people simply didn’t
understand.</i></span>”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It was just
such a lack of understanding on my part that has recently led to some odd
thoughts. You see, I was recently at an Ikea with my girlfriend and there I
found a little, less than half a meter tall, plant, whose pot read <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araucaria heterophylla</i>. It was cheap, I
liked the look of it and I had a vague understanding that araucarians are a
very ancient plant group that has been around since the time of the dinosaurs,
so I bought it. Once home with my new house organism, I looked up the species
and was a bit shocked. <i>A. heterophylla </i>is not a small houseplant,
instead I just bought the sapling of what is supposed to become a whole tree,
which can potentially grow over 50 meters tall. Furthermore, because it is
native to Norfolk Island, a territory of Australia, it can not survive winters
outdoors in most European climates, so I will not be able to replant it in my
garden should it become too large. Apparently, the saplings were only sold here
around this time of the year so they could be used as Christmas trees before
being thrown down the woodchipper immediately afterwards, as Christmas trees
usually are. It may be “just” a plant, but an odd feeling of responsibility and
pity overcame me upon learning this, as I am now taking care of an organism
that is supposed to become quite large, while I am also unable to give it the
proper conditions to truly thrive in. Sort of like buying a baby orca while you
live in the desert.</span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl33U46xgQhfv6HgC1mulyK0zepY6uwLEyQJLQPDI8ZqSqVU2EAFtXQpKZvBgFyCZuVopVSlVZmZZKsi2fG-G8TdLupjEylkgy3xk0ctueh-VE6MbxMAzNhjJV37_hxkDr83x0av3sR5xY8mxMH8QitdE0ZBeIDJWdzLcXxLTJH5QfLf2C-Z2ToLluJw/s1800/Heterophylla1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1800" data-original-width="1440" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl33U46xgQhfv6HgC1mulyK0zepY6uwLEyQJLQPDI8ZqSqVU2EAFtXQpKZvBgFyCZuVopVSlVZmZZKsi2fG-G8TdLupjEylkgy3xk0ctueh-VE6MbxMAzNhjJV37_hxkDr83x0av3sR5xY8mxMH8QitdE0ZBeIDJWdzLcXxLTJH5QfLf2C-Z2ToLluJw/w512-h640/Heterophylla1.JPG" width="512" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 2: The
new <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araucaria heterophylla </i>I now want
to care for. The sauropod toy is by the way one of the original Lego dinosaurs
from the 2001 line, which are great for posing. For the fossil in the
background, read on.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In the process
of looking up how to best care for this plant, I grew a new appreciation not
just for the genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araucaria</i>, but
also for the peculiarities and history of the wider family of the araucarians.
Here are some things I would like to share with you. If you think some post
about fossil plants will be a boring read, I will politely point out that I
made a </span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">whole post about brachiopods</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> not only work, but also got enough
people to read and enjoy it that some are now making speculative evolution
posts inspired by it.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Jurassic relicts</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The family
Araucariaceae, named after the Arauco Province in Chile, is part of the plant
order Pinales, which today includes all living conifer trees, such as pines,
redwoods and cypresses. All other conifers outside of Pinales are now extinct.
Conifers, like ginkgos, cycads and gnetophytes, are part of the gymnosperms,
whose cladistic definition is a bit confusing, as they classically also include
the extinct seed ferns (pteridospermatophytes) that also gave rise to the
angiosperm flowering plants, making the group paraphyletic. When excluding seed
ferns and flowering plants, conifers, ginkgos, cycads and gnetophytes do seem
to form a monophyletic clade called Acrogymnospermae. Within the conifers, the
closest living relatives of the araucarians seem to be the podocarps and the
closest relative of those two are the cypresses.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vhte-vlmAAuDn5Li6f9MWs1QjjuwAOTxajIJciZvgI8Fb44FAqdSya5VYBDZH3MKECWnotTe8vmkwkkDffFZiVdyAypF4TK4JtaVGgRhpQTn82I3mv1Vxj7-MRqfBDtXM3Me6h3PZ0_C9coUdzLWhJm7ZqVpCnaKQ1Xq61jtW9XGMIQEVoDn192kKA/s4000/Araucana.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vhte-vlmAAuDn5Li6f9MWs1QjjuwAOTxajIJciZvgI8Fb44FAqdSya5VYBDZH3MKECWnotTe8vmkwkkDffFZiVdyAypF4TK4JtaVGgRhpQTn82I3mv1Vxj7-MRqfBDtXM3Me6h3PZ0_C9coUdzLWhJm7ZqVpCnaKQ1Xq61jtW9XGMIQEVoDn192kKA/w640-h480/Araucana.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 3: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araucaria araucana </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">growing around the Chilean volcano Llaima in
the Conguillio National Park. Yes, this is also where the sixth episode of <i>Walking
with Dinosaurs </i>was filmed.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Coniferous
trees originated in the Carboniferous with cypress-like forms such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Walchia</i>, gradually replacing the first
fern and progymnosperm trees that had dominated in the Devonian. As the world
became drier during the Permian, these tough, seed-bearing plants became more
successful and went on to survive the catastrophic end of the Paleozoic without
much problem, becoming the dominant group of land plants throughout the
Mesozoic. A secret to their success compared to earlier plants groups might be
their reproduction, as conifers have evolved a much faster and more direct form
of fertilization between the male pollen and the female ovule than other
gymnosperms.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5LWrNRMudrmbAaokJgrhwfGDiwqJA-2-HAz7kmA_ySIc8dhiPqT5VJU0SZJH5GcmS1Oe5dHM5WTRTPGbnQvzCjFYFvZM9UrIZVXzcRu1fAl3p9n-1MqTFUVsR86hzD7FACexu7h_UA5rLFmrOiF6fUYqtpmGDFZccZEcktIs-Xnay-bTH8qAxdWoAEw/s920/Araucaria_mirabilis.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="920" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5LWrNRMudrmbAaokJgrhwfGDiwqJA-2-HAz7kmA_ySIc8dhiPqT5VJU0SZJH5GcmS1Oe5dHM5WTRTPGbnQvzCjFYFvZM9UrIZVXzcRu1fAl3p9n-1MqTFUVsR86hzD7FACexu7h_UA5rLFmrOiF6fUYqtpmGDFZccZEcktIs-Xnay-bTH8qAxdWoAEw/w400-h391/Araucaria_mirabilis.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 4:
Fossil cones of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araucaria mirabilis </i>from
the Paleontological Museum of München.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">When
exactly the first araucarians evolved is a bit of a mystery, as it depends on
the exact classification of certain taxa. If the leaf-taxon <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brachyphyllum </i>(as whole plants are
rarely preserved, paleobotanists give fossils of specific plant parts, such as
trunks and leaves, their own name, even if they come from the same organism) is
indeed an early araucarian, their origin might also go as far back as the Late
Carboniferous. The oldest definitive araucarian fossil, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araucaria mirabilis</i>, “only” dates back to the Middle Jurassic.
Throughout the rest of the Mesozoic, araucarians could be found in the whole
world and they and their gymnosperm cousins saw wide success. Then they
dramatically declined in the Late Cretaceous, a change often attributed to the
rise and spread of angiosperms, whose insect-based pollination made their
reproduction more efficient.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOQF88hp9FN0pxgrDTqcA4FDgn0RoTv8hSZ0lVDtXbdn5uguJY23hpcMfhfOYqjsBgJSYlZRrV4jBh_6Jb4OLQcYISD3fU-5mRKPjyqXW_Xcv9g6b6DyuOZwO0Asd1gALYBVXKiVoBEJM06qNJ2JijgS3XLn58ZQWD7J3zURgm-1Pv4HRrVn792TZH5A/s1200/Mecopteran.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="1200" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOQF88hp9FN0pxgrDTqcA4FDgn0RoTv8hSZ0lVDtXbdn5uguJY23hpcMfhfOYqjsBgJSYlZRrV4jBh_6Jb4OLQcYISD3fU-5mRKPjyqXW_Xcv9g6b6DyuOZwO0Asd1gALYBVXKiVoBEJM06qNJ2JijgS3XLn58ZQWD7J3zURgm-1Pv4HRrVn792TZH5A/w400-h239/Mecopteran.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span>Fig. 5: Fossil scorpionflies (Mecoptera) may have been important pollinators of Mesozoic gymnosperms.</span><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Today the
flowering plants dominate in most tropical environments, while conifers such as
pines only seem to remain dominant in harsher environments such as taigas,
where the massive boreal forests form one of the world’s largest carbon sinks.
Araucarians specifically have gone completely extinct in the northern hemisphere
(except for two species in Malesia) and are now restricted to former Gondwanan
landmasses such as South America, Australia and the islands that were once part
of the sunken continent Zealandia. In some ways this displacement seems to
parallel a similar pattern seen in the evolution of marine invertebrates, where
once successful groups such as brachiopods and crinoids gradually disappear
from the very productive shallows to migrate into the deep sea. However, just
like that example, one has to wonder if we are really seeing here a fierce
competition between gymnosperms and angiosperms, where the younger group is
supposedly displacing the older one. Surely,
taigas must have been a lot less common in the warmer Mesozoic than they are
today, which would mean that the conifers were actually more successful at
exploiting this new and expanding environment than their younger competitors.
And while the insect-based pollination of angiosperms may be more efficient
than wind-based pollination, many coniferous plants have independently evolved
this form of pollination as well, likely even before the appearance of true
flowering plants. Much evidence exists that already in the Early-to-Middle
Jurassic, long before flowers and bees, the cheirolepidiacean conifers lived in
symbiosis with mecopteran flies (Hallett & Wedel 2016) and such
relationships may have even been common in various Mesozoic gymnosperms
(Penalver et al. 2015).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sauropod snacks?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">One of the
defining characteristics of araucarians, which I evidently failed to know
beforehand, is that they grow exceptionally tall, with some specimens reaching
80 meters in height. While not as tall, the species <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agathis australis </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">can
reach a wood volume of 517 cubic meters, making it the third largest tree in
the world, only outmatched by redwoods and giant sequoias. Like their cousins,
araucarians can also grow exceptionally old, up to a thousand years (Lüning et
al. 2019)</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn_L-GZBN0dRssBE8w6KI2LuddL1_n3gTxKQ0JKbYuKo6oOV5EV8l1q6l3nNhZ3owjpB6AjmV_uCffDYn4-xRt3Uqh-zczFLiM8STv3i8ow9_fmbWhODsAB_QkkBYT6cOPP3m32JRHmtnRwxFZrUMOO11F93V65hjo38Xc1k5NyLUohDzbtGTyUubAIw/s900/McLoughlin%20Diplodocus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="675" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn_L-GZBN0dRssBE8w6KI2LuddL1_n3gTxKQ0JKbYuKo6oOV5EV8l1q6l3nNhZ3owjpB6AjmV_uCffDYn4-xRt3Uqh-zczFLiM8STv3i8ow9_fmbWhODsAB_QkkBYT6cOPP3m32JRHmtnRwxFZrUMOO11F93V65hjo38Xc1k5NyLUohDzbtGTyUubAIw/w480-h640/McLoughlin%20Diplodocus.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 6: John C. McLoughlin’s (1979) depiction of <i>Diplodocus </i>feeding
on what is implied in the text to be an araucarian.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The fact that araucarians have such incredibly tall-standing canopies,
combined with the age they evolved their characteristic morphology in, has
always made them prime candidates for co-evolution with sauropod dinosaurs. It
is not difficult to imagine the canopies growing ever taller in response to
ever-hungry sauropod maws, while the necks of the latter in turn grow even
longer, until we reach the ridiculous proportions seen in both groups. There is
at least some direct evidence for sauropods feeding on conifers, as in some of
the only known coprolites attributed to them could be found the remains of
various Mesozoic gymnosperms, including araucarians (Sonuksare et al. 2017).
Microwear on the teeth of sauropods is also consistent with a coniferous diet
(Hallett & Wedel 2016). Araucarians and relatives with their small, tough
needles might seem like a poor diet at first, especially for such gigantic,
energy-dependent organisms, but experiments by Hummel et al. 2008 show that
through hindgut-fermentation, which sauropods most likely practiced, these
plants could actually release a tremendous amount of energy if digested long
enough. Basically, sauropods must have had a large hindgut chamber called a
caecum in which araucarian and other pre-angiosperm plant matter was collected
into a massive internal compost heap, where microorganisms and the heat created
by their own decomposition worked tirelessly to turn them into a nutritious
mush. This system meant that sauropod digestion worked best the more matter was
piled onto the heap and the longer it was allowed to ferment, in turn creating
a permanent bioreactor that continuously generated the required energy. This
was maybe not just the method by which sauropods fuelled their huge sizes but
may have also been a driving force in their gigantism, as a larger body and in
turn larger caecum could generate more energy than a smaller one. Other results
of the study are also fascinating, as they found that the most energetically
rich plants sauropods could have fed on were horsetails, ginkgos, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Angiopteris</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> and araucarians. Horsetails and araucarians were
especially singled out for their energy-content after longterm
digestion, with low-growing horsetails likely having been the prime fodder for
sauropod hatchlings while araucarians were likely the main food of adults. They
also found that cycads, tree ferns and podocarps would have only made for poor
food.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZrDH3_iOUfpbmpfG_Kh988uxvmDLIwg-zqO-FsaimCoX-cFkBHa22Nwvn18bFOIwM94pSzRmAgUlndz4IinV087ehC_szFHnyvJB3b9ErIoAqXQDEoS6GoVsDsNKySOa7oraVgQmDufltj9XQC8DPAk4VR0_E5ktnphkOwldTNI0wO2BiA3t17TkNuw/s3064/Araucaria_bidwillii_single_cone.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3064" data-original-width="3064" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZrDH3_iOUfpbmpfG_Kh988uxvmDLIwg-zqO-FsaimCoX-cFkBHa22Nwvn18bFOIwM94pSzRmAgUlndz4IinV087ehC_szFHnyvJB3b9ErIoAqXQDEoS6GoVsDsNKySOa7oraVgQmDufltj9XQC8DPAk4VR0_E5ktnphkOwldTNI0wO2BiA3t17TkNuw/w400-h400/Araucaria_bidwillii_single_cone.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 7: The immense cone of </span><span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A.
bidwilli</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The strong association between sauropods and araucarians might put a
new light onto the gradual decline of the latter. Surely, after over 100
million years of coexistence, the relationship between sauropods and
araucarians must have been more complex than one just feeding on the other. One
could easily imagine that sauropods sticking their tiny heads into the canopies
while feeding and then wandering from tree to tree could have been used as a
method of pollination. Furthermore, many modern trees also exploit large animals to disperse
their seeds, the most prominent example to many readers probably being <i>Persea
americana</i>, whose fruit, the avocado, was likely once adapted for being fed
on by Pleistocene megafauna. Indeed, even some modern araucarian seeds, despite
being largely carried by wind, are occassionally dispersed by animals, though
often by smaller critters such as opossums and possums. The sheer size of their
cones, however, seems ridiculously oversized for that purpose. Araucarians have
possibly the largest cones among conifers, with the bunya pine (<i>Araucaria
bidwillii</i>) having ones about the size of pineapples. Though cones are not the same as angiosperm fruit, could these maybe have originally evolved to be fed on by sauropods? The growing
doubt about sauropods having used gastroliths to chew their food (Wings &
Sander 2007) only adds further to the possibility of them having been
prime seed-dispersers. If so, could the extinction of the sauropods have had a
role in the global decline of araucarians?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3XhoAd_IXWJDsabSPKl8X897JwzSJooxXBlLnsdfp851fBCzulzmpMwOv5wPwR2LhqQOtv81K1xjEwJs2EZ2yo6q_QVXo38CzBN1TP2rtZitV3ujaGmPnB3XP273NsKP--o7kftS1Z6N1cuLYyURbp6uudIiaO7LDqsOs18IiuUQ9hkf5gRl426qenA/s654/Harder%20Moa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="654" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3XhoAd_IXWJDsabSPKl8X897JwzSJooxXBlLnsdfp851fBCzulzmpMwOv5wPwR2LhqQOtv81K1xjEwJs2EZ2yo6q_QVXo38CzBN1TP2rtZitV3ujaGmPnB3XP273NsKP--o7kftS1Z6N1cuLYyURbp6uudIiaO7LDqsOs18IiuUQ9hkf5gRl426qenA/w640-h404/Harder%20Moa.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 8: Could giant birds like the moa have helped with the dispersal
of conifer seeds? It is possible, though there seems to be no evidence so far.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Jumping further off that idea, the continued existence of araucarians
in the Gondwanan landmasses is also intriguing. Not too long ago, Australia and
New Zealand were home to the large dromornithids and moas respectively. As
large, flightless and herbivorous birds (though the latter is still debated in
the case of <i>Bullockornis</i>), they would have been hindgut fermenters like
the modern ostrich (and sauropods). Unlike ostriches, evidence exists that
moas, with their stronger jaws, were not grazers but instead browsers capable
of stripping the twigs of tall plants (Paul 1988). In these aspects, they could
maybe be thought of as post-Mesozoic mini-sauropods. Could they therefore have
coevolved with and helped smaller araucarians survive in the southern
hemisphere by dispersing their seeds? The caveat with this idea is that there
is no direct evidence from things like coprolites that these birds fed on
araucarians or even conifers in general. Araucarians are also widespread in
South America, which never had its own version of a giant herbivorous bird
(unless some of the famous terror birds had a more flexible diet than
previously thought, but there is no evidence for this).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKxIJqq8RQPzVbXVI0kCh8381W77_qYQ52NEMArm_0ZiwRHKbFdEqhcjMAlMC_9XKOvFrBAem1QWFn1W2Q-meimVlkG96f2VfVlrBGSkl2A__xkPnEdeMg_XwXS-JSrbRIp5fIJhwldq7ZStOgYEpwWYcdjS9BuyeGWZrKgqCE8_-4S-JObupYWiv0Dg/s480/Macrauchenia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="480" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKxIJqq8RQPzVbXVI0kCh8381W77_qYQ52NEMArm_0ZiwRHKbFdEqhcjMAlMC_9XKOvFrBAem1QWFn1W2Q-meimVlkG96f2VfVlrBGSkl2A__xkPnEdeMg_XwXS-JSrbRIp5fIJhwldq7ZStOgYEpwWYcdjS9BuyeGWZrKgqCE8_-4S-JObupYWiv0Dg/w400-h289/Macrauchenia.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 9: All the trunked reconstructions over the years really make one
underappreciate how truly bizarre the skull of <i>Macrauchenia </i>was, in many
ways resembling more a sauropod head than a mammal’s. I imagine all the
arguments against trunks on sauropods should also apply here and indeed more
recent research suggests this animal had more of a moose-like nose.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The continent did have other high browsers in the form of giant ground
sloths like <i>Megatherium</i>, though their dentition seems to indicate more a
diet of leaves, as in modern sloths, rather than conifer needles. Intriguing
are instead the very sauropod-like skulls of long-necked South American litopterns such as <i>Macrauchenia</i>,
which, by analogy, could mean that these mammals may have fed on coniferous
plants, much like modern moose (here meaning <i>Alces alces</i> to avoid that
old moose-elk mix-up). Data corroborating this is a bit lacking however. Older
isotopic studies done on its tooth enamel resolved </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Macrauchenia </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">as a mixed feeder (MacFadden &
Shockey 1997), which would mean that, indeed like a moose, it could have fed on
a variety of plants, including conifers like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araucaria</i>. A newer study on the other hand suggests that it and
other litopterns were more grazers instead (Oliveira et al. 2020). That last
study was however based on tooth microwear, not isotopic data, and there is
some evidence from sauropods that a diet of coniferous plants can produce
wear-patterns that mistakenly suggest a grazing diet (Hallett & Wedel), so
this could be a false positive.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The incredible Turkish araucarian gemstones</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sauropods
(and possibly those that came after them) were not the only ones feeding on
araucarians. Various human cultures have and still continue to eat the seeds of
various species of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Araucaria</i>, such as
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A. araucana</i>, <i>A. angustifolia and
A. bidwillii</i>, including the Mapuche people of Chile and Argentina and the
Aboriginal Australians. Beyond the culinary, these trees have also had more
material uses. From their timber are made various utensils and vehicles and the
Maori have used the resin of the genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agathis
</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">to construct weapons (Neich 1966).</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZ1yB7wpmCKLhtNach99095wxmwH3XExJ6e4FJ185jg_J3tJIbahBuJlw6RJ4MuW8DKVt49dcfT_K6yX1QyYQZ9qanLVJej8D6t3RvPVFXsTdsrbblYhWuOZ_QAeWuPIdhD_uDeYw5KsVb4tGZbsNbHto0gfob6FA-SWNCSyyTSnurTPSxHDloE-K6Q/s599/Oltu_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1_tespih33-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="265" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZ1yB7wpmCKLhtNach99095wxmwH3XExJ6e4FJ185jg_J3tJIbahBuJlw6RJ4MuW8DKVt49dcfT_K6yX1QyYQZ9qanLVJej8D6t3RvPVFXsTdsrbblYhWuOZ_QAeWuPIdhD_uDeYw5KsVb4tGZbsNbHto0gfob6FA-SWNCSyyTSnurTPSxHDloE-K6Q/w285-h640/Oltu_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1_tespih33-2.jpg" width="285" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 10: Prayer beads made of oltustone.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The most extraordinary thing I found out though is the peculiar use of <i>fossil
</i>araucarians in art. In the Erzurum Province of eastern Turkey, more
specifically in the town of Oltu, mines have for centuries been excavating a
special type of black gemstone. This so-called olutstone is globally only found
in this region of Turkey and its special property is that upon excavation it is
actually quite soft and therefore very easily carveable, only beginning to
harden when exposed to air. It has thus been formed into a variety of utensils
from jewellery all the way to prayer beads and smoking pipes. Upon closer
examination, oltustone turns out to be a type of lignite (a sort of proto-coal)
formed entirely out of the stems of Late Cretaceous araucarians. Even though
they have been extinct in this part of the world since the age of dinosaurs,
the araucarians thus managed to have an impact on the cultures of the northern
hemisphere long before western explorers would rediscover their living members.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqwTYMKizHXOan9_JUwStV6Bn72vvkcrvv5vfZoC7QsOh-qKw6DhCHhAUwJZTYOYm5SAM2LxF1fi0VDbC0M5o9p4GHdaSmVLwDrnMO4fjBZmPliPTquwXigxolNlf7Lx0xIYCkYyLjYgKHviMkDD-Rz64-F3mxkm13T1UvGqPeX09LPppaNPFEKO_78Q/s1800/Heterophylla2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1800" data-original-width="1440" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqwTYMKizHXOan9_JUwStV6Bn72vvkcrvv5vfZoC7QsOh-qKw6DhCHhAUwJZTYOYm5SAM2LxF1fi0VDbC0M5o9p4GHdaSmVLwDrnMO4fjBZmPliPTquwXigxolNlf7Lx0xIYCkYyLjYgKHviMkDD-Rz64-F3mxkm13T1UvGqPeX09LPppaNPFEKO_78Q/w512-h640/Heterophylla2.JPG" width="512" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 11: If you are wondering about the fossil, it is a genuine <i>Chirotherium
</i>footprint gifted to me by Torsten Scheyer from the <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">Zoological
Museum of Zürich</a>. Apparently, it was found by a former student of his, but
because that student did not keep notes nobody knows anymore where it came
from, the lack of context now making it scientifically useless. He asked around
the museum for anyone to take it home, because otherwise he would have had to
throw it away for more storage. Moral of the story: If you find anything, write
all the details down and take care of your notes! “The only difference between
screwing around and science is writing it down”, to quote Adam Savage.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I now hope you have enjoyed this little journey through the world of
araucarians and have grown more appreciation for fossil plants, as well as
those that ate and used them. As for the little </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A. heterophylla</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, I will
try my best to care for it. It will likely not grow tall into a sauropod
feeder, though its seeds are edible, so one day it might feed me. The problem
here is that, unlike most plants, <i>Araucaria </i>are not hermaphrodites but actually
have split male and female sexes and can therefore not self-fertilize. I would
therefore need a second plant of the opposite sex to make it produce seeds. The
fact that I am even considering this means the plant is already manipulating a
big, dumb animal into helping it with its reproduction. Maybe I am a sauropod?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">If you liked this and other articles, please
consider supporting me on </span></b><a href="https://www.patreon.com/manospondylus"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Patreon</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. I am
thankful for any amount, even if it is just 1$, as it will help me at
dedicating more time to this blog and related projects. Patrons also gain early
access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Related Posts:</span></b></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/02/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Alien
Prehistoric World Trope: Part 4 - Familiar Beasts?</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/04/antique-paleoart-geology-and.html">Antique
Paleoart: Geology and Inhabitants of the Ancient World</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Why
Brachiopods are actually pretty cool</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/02/the-life-of-charnia-masoni-and-friends.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Life
of a Charnia masoni (and friends) - A Speculative Essay (Part 1)</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">References:</span></b></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Crichton,
Michael: Jurassic Park, New York 1990.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hallett,
Mark/Wedel, Mathew: The Sauropod Dinosaurs. Life in the Age of Giants,
Baltimore 2016.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hummel,
Jürgen; Gee, Carole; Südekum, Karl-Heinz; Sander, Martin; Nogge, Gunther;
Clauss, Marcus: </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600911/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In vitro digestibility of fern and gymnosperm
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Roger: New Zealand Maori Barkcloth and Barkcloth Beaters, in: Records of the
Auckland Institute and Museum, 33, 1966, p. 111–158.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Oliveira,
Karoliny de et al.: </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119305177?via%3Dihub"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fantastic beasts and what they ate:
Revealing feeding habits and ecological niche of late Quaternary
Macraucheniidae from South America</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, in: Quaternary Science Reviews, 231, 2020.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Paul,
Gregory Scott: Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. A Complete Illustrated Guide,
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Enrique et al.: Long-Proboscid Flies as Pollinators of Cretaceous Gymnosperms,
in: Current Biology, 25, 2015, p. 1917 – 1923.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Probst, Ernst: Tiere der Urwelt. Leben und Werk desBerliner
Malers Heinrich Harder, Norderstedt 2014.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Lüning,
Sebastian; Gałka, Mariusz; Bamonte, Florencia Paula; Rodríguez, Felipe García;
Vahrenholt, Fritz: The Medieval Climate Anomaly in South America, in: Quaternary
International, 508, 2019, p. 70 – 87.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sonuksare,
Hermant; Samant, Bandana; Mohabey, D.M.: </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12594-017-0620-0"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Microflora from sauropod coprolites
and associated sediments of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lameta Formation of
Nand-Dongargaon basin, Maharashtra</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, in: Journal of the Geological Society of India, 89, 2017, p. 391 –
397.</span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Wings,
Oliver & Sander, Martin: No gastric mill in sauropod dinosaurs. New
evidence from analysis of gastrolith mass and function in ostriches, in:
Proceedings of the Royal Society, 274, 2007, S. 635 – 640.</span></li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Image
Sources:</span></b></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig. 3: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_the_Llaima_Volcano_through_the_araucarias_from_the_viewpoint_%22Los_Condores%22_in_summer.jpg">Wikimedia</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig. 4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Araucaria_mirabilis_1.JPG">Wikimedia</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig. 5: Hallett
& Wedel 2016, p. 144.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig. 6: McLoughlin
1979, p. </span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig. 7: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Araucaria_bidwillii_single_cone.JPG">Wikimedia</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig. 8: Probst
2014.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig. 9: <a href="https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/nature/specimens/htmls/macrauchenia85818.html">AMNH</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig. 10: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oltu_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1_tespih33-2.jpg">Wikimedia</a></span></li></ul><p>
</p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-69069102557803663862022-09-21T21:16:00.006+02:002022-10-10T01:17:57.415+02:00What is Har Deshur?<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Even though
it has been going on for almost two months, I only now realized that I have not
yet written a formal introduction for my newest project as I did with Rhynia.
So, here it is.</span>
</span></p><p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQyb1UIHTqa0LWc1XcYkAzTwE9gHH2MjbwjiaiUIbvH2QJeeXgZkoRT5CIfgfpY6QhTr4kX5Asn22-FS2PK5SOtgNFLqjU-qBFBZdsynnXfKle_Rze1KjRNNrBAM0Gpl8WzAVx5tNyR98b7v3EtoWxX3pzbXvyljBl62Ao_yBeNXl5nVv2A7If1NhLQ/s1749/Har%20Deshur%20Header%20A6%20(2).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="1749" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQyb1UIHTqa0LWc1XcYkAzTwE9gHH2MjbwjiaiUIbvH2QJeeXgZkoRT5CIfgfpY6QhTr4kX5Asn22-FS2PK5SOtgNFLqjU-qBFBZdsynnXfKle_Rze1KjRNNrBAM0Gpl8WzAVx5tNyR98b7v3EtoWxX3pzbXvyljBl62Ao_yBeNXl5nVv2A7If1NhLQ/w640-h258/Har%20Deshur%20Header%20A6%20(2).png" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
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</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As you have
surely noticed, Mars and astrobiology are a special interest of mine. For a few
years now I have been working on a <a href="https://www.patreon.com/posts/life-on-dead-4-4-72297184?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator">fictional
paleontology textbook</a> from the future about fossil life found on the red
planet. After recently reworking the concept, and also losing fun with working
on Rhynia, I realized I could already show off some of the creature concepts as
an online speculative evolution project, though in a slightly different
context.</span></p>
<p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The result is <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/p/main-page.html">Har Deshur</a></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Named after
Mars’ designation in Egyptian mythology, it is the first (public) speculative
evolution project written <i>and </i>illustrated wholly by me. Instead of
dealing merely with fossil forms, it takes place in an alternate world where
Mars has stayed slightly more habitable until modern day and human explorers
are making contact with the native wildlife. The keyword here is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">slightly</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>as this fictional
Mars is not that much removed from the real deal. While air pressure,
atmospheric make-up and temperature have been adjusted to make macroscopic life
on the surface possible, the majority of the planet is still a harsh, cold
desert, plagued by global dust storms. Here you will not find any civilizations
or giganticbeasts, animals and plants will stay small, simple and adapted for extreme
conditions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFx_IucBuk0gDvh6CqqQIFBpntDOuK8qbGRI1O1BjCem0NgowYAj0JgPhCobEWqzdQuwfBsZGI2DMdoONeIHo0J4c0I6tXVL6MRUOpYLgNEg7ez0F_CsZwy4R-ikPdI0Dc3DsyzJg34aPFMTcsMLqYU-yJ4wtmdpdMOF4Mfy3yWt4VM9mhpc40aBt8hQ/s6870/Shellubim%20and%20Zhor.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4816" data-original-width="6870" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFx_IucBuk0gDvh6CqqQIFBpntDOuK8qbGRI1O1BjCem0NgowYAj0JgPhCobEWqzdQuwfBsZGI2DMdoONeIHo0J4c0I6tXVL6MRUOpYLgNEg7ez0F_CsZwy4R-ikPdI0Dc3DsyzJg34aPFMTcsMLqYU-yJ4wtmdpdMOF4Mfy3yWt4VM9mhpc40aBt8hQ/w640-h448/Shellubim%20and%20Zhor.JPG" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Most of the
</span><a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/2022/07/introduction-ii-brave-new-mars.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">metrics of this fictional Mars</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> (down to the global temperature
map) I did not pull out of thin air, but instead strongly based off real
computer model studies about the Red Planet in its prehistory (Ramirez 2017
& Palumbo et al. 2018). Another source was outdated studies about current
Mars from the 1950s and 60s (Salisbury 1962) and even older stuff from Percival
Lowell and H.G. Wells (both 1908). Some data, such as the topography, seasons
and the meteorology of the dust storms, is also taken directly from current
sources on real life Mars (Forget 2006 & Sparrow 2014).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinmvRdreAwZM5XLw5wBk1FrdDX5g1B6WO_E-bUcxBtRrW60AUtWi8wYMe-EOtI-FDDVG3sXzZsxrgFuKAK0hfAiadPcONHuNP5HkOJnzpQo5zy5JlD3hoESCtopsMMdF5ecQKh9UA5lhhHF03_KQ2bW6AQ56ZScuUofxKg-uRCB7CxtruVhKpYI_j9pA/s5999/Chirorbite%20(better%20shadow%20better%20frame).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4816" data-original-width="5999" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinmvRdreAwZM5XLw5wBk1FrdDX5g1B6WO_E-bUcxBtRrW60AUtWi8wYMe-EOtI-FDDVG3sXzZsxrgFuKAK0hfAiadPcONHuNP5HkOJnzpQo5zy5JlD3hoESCtopsMMdF5ecQKh9UA5lhhHF03_KQ2bW6AQ56ZScuUofxKg-uRCB7CxtruVhKpYI_j9pA/w640-h514/Chirorbite%20(better%20shadow%20better%20frame).png" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Apart from
providing some of the science, the time period of the 50s/60s is also the main
inspiration in style and tone, the goal being to recapture the charm of
programs like Disney’s </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dk7lf2D848I"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mars and Beyond</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> or Carl Sagan’s </span><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/explore-space-carl-sagan-mars-martian-archive"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">wishful thinking</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> after the Mariner missions, trying
to present a Mars that is inhospitable, but still interesting for a zoologist.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEV_oeprGgSECwFGgNzkq9_vtQqNI_1t_p4jHwRqR6CfBM0wQSuEuVBtmtKrrNKeRUlKbSI4LXTspmRCYZC6_Ru2otqug4xUmzs09HRISuKk8yuiZJxXZ06l0Vh7vzUDPWXwf7a64lgCVCvd-fqqC5VE45H8ybqLRJv2tm1rVNpL4D9ZqHsoCygSslPg/s6870/Lesser%20Bennu%202.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3035" data-original-width="6870" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEV_oeprGgSECwFGgNzkq9_vtQqNI_1t_p4jHwRqR6CfBM0wQSuEuVBtmtKrrNKeRUlKbSI4LXTspmRCYZC6_Ru2otqug4xUmzs09HRISuKk8yuiZJxXZ06l0Vh7vzUDPWXwf7a64lgCVCvd-fqqC5VE45H8ybqLRJv2tm1rVNpL4D9ZqHsoCygSslPg/w640-h282/Lesser%20Bennu%202.JPG" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Some
creatures you might recognize if you have read my infamous <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html">post
on brachiopods</a>, as the aliens featured at the end of that article are
directly related to what you will find on Mars (though they are of an earlier
iteration). The alien mummy “Ted” on the Rhynia was also meant to be a nod to
this universe here but will unfortunately be retconned soon by Bob Guan (his
loss). And do you remember the big article I wrote on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/02/the-life-of-charnia-masoni-and-friends.html">Charnia
<span style="font-style: normal;">and Ediacaran life</span></a></i> and ever
wondered where part 2 is? That one never manifested, because the communal spec-evo
project I originally wrote that “intro” for never went anywhere BUT the
concepts I have come up with I have been <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/2022/08/spectacled-chirorbite.html">able
to reuse</a> for Har Deshur (this is not pure recycling to be clear, the
original book draft already had Ediacaran-style organisms but they were not
well thought-out and this was a good opportunity to rework them).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsCJjHUWEft1qEFZjTkrc2xir3tucOD7-33JHAZ0L1nHrzDw4KSaPpg2rUaRDzyroqm8dCChLKGsO0IgQBEOWrL2QsYFakyxA_7jqXTQzvO7cxmeLFASB7kvGZwxfPXeBZoZ6GhWW0CaM7b5AVADewdpi7ZBIMTy_YcDYvz6dtjB1WfQlSDBcgGEdfg/s6871/Hortax%20and%20Yrp.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4816" data-original-width="6871" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsCJjHUWEft1qEFZjTkrc2xir3tucOD7-33JHAZ0L1nHrzDw4KSaPpg2rUaRDzyroqm8dCChLKGsO0IgQBEOWrL2QsYFakyxA_7jqXTQzvO7cxmeLFASB7kvGZwxfPXeBZoZ6GhWW0CaM7b5AVADewdpi7ZBIMTy_YcDYvz6dtjB1WfQlSDBcgGEdfg/w640-h448/Hortax%20and%20Yrp.JPG" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I hope you
have fun reading through this new Mars and staying updated. The goal for now is
to equip each of the planet’s biomes with a full ecosystem and then look where
things might be expanded from there (if there even needs to be expansion). I have
also toyed with the idea of using this second site as a more regular blog to
write about the history of astronomy and astrobiology (or maybe even science
news). <a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/2022/07/introduction-i-things-which-lived-on.html">The
first post on the site</a> is already such a non-fiction article about past visions
people had about life on Mars and I have also written <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/11/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html">one</a>
or two <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/11/the-many-mysteries-of-darwin-iv-part-1.html">astrobiology-themed
posts</a> on this site here, which I always felt did not quite match the rest
of the blog. Let me know if you would like to read more non-fiction stuff about
space.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeWFhZDenQ46Vpa4j9_y1JqC4It3XkUheeih2sWbMS4fSSm0JTFBygeUuNcfe5SZii_2sZlUDXYkMsxfjCAqxH82CMnMsJ9vXveF9d7XNET9uYQiGv2iqAitFk3mD8srtwwPNf7ckez2gbnRjRx0lLN0arm3fdrTBpk9KwhMNeeDL5UFjdamT-msN24w/s6065/Jawworm.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3254" data-original-width="6065" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeWFhZDenQ46Vpa4j9_y1JqC4It3XkUheeih2sWbMS4fSSm0JTFBygeUuNcfe5SZii_2sZlUDXYkMsxfjCAqxH82CMnMsJ9vXveF9d7XNET9uYQiGv2iqAitFk3mD8srtwwPNf7ckez2gbnRjRx0lLN0arm3fdrTBpk9KwhMNeeDL5UFjdamT-msN24w/w640-h344/Jawworm.JPG" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Now that every has been said, here's the plan: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAX2H0hpOc4">Get your ass to Mars!</a><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Related
Posts:</span></b></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/why-brachiopods-are-actually-pretty-cool.html">Why
Brachiopods are actually pretty cool</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/02/the-life-of-charnia-masoni-and-friends.html">The
Life of a Charnia masoni (and friends) - A Speculative Essay (Part 1)</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/11/the-many-mysteries-of-darwin-iv-part-1.html">The
Many Mysteries of Darwin IV - Part 1</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/01/the-many-mysteries-of-darwin-iv-part-2.html">The
Many Mysteries of Darwin IV - Part 2</a> </span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FR-CH" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH;">References:</span></b></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span lang="FR-CH" style="mso-ansi-language: FR-CH;">Forget,
François; Costard, François; Lognonné, Philippe: Planet Mars. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Story of Another World, Paris 2006.</span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Lowell,
Percival: Mars as the abode of life, Flagstaff 1908.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Palumbo,
Ashley & Head, James: Early Mars Climate History. Characterizing a “Warm
and Wet” Martian Climate with a 3-D Global Climate Model and Testing Geological
Predications, in: Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 2018, p. 10249 -10258.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ramirez,
Ramses Mario: A warmer and wetter solution for early Mars and the challenges
with transient warming, in: Icarus, 297, 2017, p. 71 – 82.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Salisbury,
Frank: Martian Biology. Accumulating evidence favors the theory of life on
Mars, but we can expect surprises, in: Science, 136, 1962, p. 17 – 26.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sparrow,
Giles: Mars, London 2014.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Wells,
Herbert George: The things which live on Mars, in: Cosmopolitan Magazine, 44,
March 1908, p. 334 – 342</span></li></ul>
<p></p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-64015732975237302052022-08-25T21:34:00.002+02:002023-01-20T13:48:21.871+01:00"Hawkinspunk" Spinosaurus<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgayp6gFW-B8xq4kdhMS4PEvTapxLpZBPUlhggCfdzvaXN0wu3lVl9ul-rWwboTHSKBybsbXDtnNzqiaD4tod30vzMqxadXtPEsl4G_iPqtUcHeU2d0wI0Kjk7Lpt3y7h6ABoyyA-sf1aAB1_VB31Z2VDOYoxs6aYOyRRNBqzV6pLmsL-JIQ7cBX0mn7g/s6870/Hawkinspunk%20Spinosaurus%20(2).JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3116" data-original-width="6870" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgayp6gFW-B8xq4kdhMS4PEvTapxLpZBPUlhggCfdzvaXN0wu3lVl9ul-rWwboTHSKBybsbXDtnNzqiaD4tod30vzMqxadXtPEsl4G_iPqtUcHeU2d0wI0Kjk7Lpt3y7h6ABoyyA-sf1aAB1_VB31Z2VDOYoxs6aYOyRRNBqzV6pLmsL-JIQ7cBX0mn7g/w640-h290/Hawkinspunk%20Spinosaurus%20(2).JPG" width="640" /></a></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 1: Another cursed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spinosaurus </i>reconstruction to rival Spinofaarus.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I have recently
been reading through <a name="_Hlk112353880"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Art and Science of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs </i></a>by Mark
Witton and Ellinor Michel. It is an excellent piece that I recommend everyone should
buy and read, not only because it is expertly written and researched, but also
because all proceeds will go to fund the <a href="https://cpdinosaurs.org/">Friends
of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">While reading I
learned a lot of new things about the nature of the fossils which informed the famous
statues, as well as Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins’ methodology in reconstructing
the creatures and building the models. But I also got inspired. Being quite <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/07/the-fascinating-afterlife-of-carnivores.html">a
fan of “retroactive paleoart”</a> or whatever you want to call it, I had an
idea in my mind that I could not get out of it until I put pen to paper: What
if another famous megalosauroid besides <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Megalosaurus
</i>was discovered back then and reconstructed along similar guidelines for the
park?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Here I therefore
present you <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spinosaurus</i>, how it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">may </i>have been reconstructed had its
fragmentary remains already been known to British paleontology in the 1850s (in
reality the genus would not be described until 1915 by German paleontologist
Ernst Stromer). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUrOwvqhdWTcC8f40LOnjpnfD6P77ELB7B4XmUWJ33ajAVW8yjd82EFs81IQ_Bhd9ZZfASZe5hSQ_GEcQ6j4t0VY9IJpL1D-VpcWyHMCMBzBH9PbYt56LNwe8B3XsFr7F2l_1JUZGaib6ooUnxxKhyfZPNz81HrFZEdB9VuSnaqkxXj4b98-jAxCkh5g/s6870/Hawkinspunk%20Spinosaurus%20fake%20skeletal%20(2).JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2788" data-original-width="6870" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUrOwvqhdWTcC8f40LOnjpnfD6P77ELB7B4XmUWJ33ajAVW8yjd82EFs81IQ_Bhd9ZZfASZe5hSQ_GEcQ6j4t0VY9IJpL1D-VpcWyHMCMBzBH9PbYt56LNwe8B3XsFr7F2l_1JUZGaib6ooUnxxKhyfZPNz81HrFZEdB9VuSnaqkxXj4b98-jAxCkh5g/w640-h260/Hawkinspunk%20Spinosaurus%20fake%20skeletal%20(2).JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 2: The fossil chimaera used to make fig. 1.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">To make this
drawing I actually first produced an erroneous, fragmentary skeletal of real
fossil remains, which you see here. You will probably notice that some of these
bones do not belong to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spinosaurus </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">at all. While a bit exaggerated, this is in-keeping
with the Crystal Palace models, as some of them are actually quite chimeric in
nature. The <i>Iguanodon </i>statues are modelled after the fossils of several
different iguanodonts, all of which are today not actually classified as <i>Iguanodon
</i>proper anymore, but either as <i>Barilium </i>or <i>Mantellisaurus </i></span>(Witton
& Michel 2022). The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hylaeosaurus </i>restoration
included not just <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hylaeosaurus </i>but
also jaw-parts of an indeterminate stegosaur and sauropod teeth. The “labyrinthodonts”
consist of remains from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mastodonsaurus </i>and
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bromsgrovia</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, a ctenosauriscid archosaur. </span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2DWyATbi0ZJ8FGl0vn7-b4lYe7XFjspSg9pQ7fQMOmbCLIaLbD3ozfrv7KQTZUudNREV4pmpUX8ecpIncjzP5eURWVBTsTrTRVEXbEkiqmrSiKSWtsGfQw11TcQnQ_vWIx3YaiZNXWvlov_uYuZw2jmlxFDM7XdgaIlu2NbySjsu9Rz9KFR6nVIRl-A/s750/Stromer%20Spinosaurus.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="750" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2DWyATbi0ZJ8FGl0vn7-b4lYe7XFjspSg9pQ7fQMOmbCLIaLbD3ozfrv7KQTZUudNREV4pmpUX8ecpIncjzP5eURWVBTsTrTRVEXbEkiqmrSiKSWtsGfQw11TcQnQ_vWIx3YaiZNXWvlov_uYuZw2jmlxFDM7XdgaIlu2NbySjsu9Rz9KFR6nVIRl-A/w640-h512/Stromer%20Spinosaurus.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 3: Probably the oldest
reconstruction of the <i>Spinosaurus </i>holotype, with known remains blacked out, made by Stromer in the 1930s
for the Paläontologisches Museum München.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg-kLEcgP5Q88rJruWPKTT21yt3XeqQoFxjtI57Jw2R7iDrwE3CmARNI7gNN13u-tom0tdoMQjGyEBopV4eJSNxmzmcPyW8XWHa1pfkbOeOKi5fwNGtRUeG8xjOUp_68V3GKTVypAIkUyHSPRzfbLUzgFjtevEl7Et-d8ip8Xdsmacc6aNE8HbuxKakg/s1512/Carcharodontosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="1512" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg-kLEcgP5Q88rJruWPKTT21yt3XeqQoFxjtI57Jw2R7iDrwE3CmARNI7gNN13u-tom0tdoMQjGyEBopV4eJSNxmzmcPyW8XWHa1pfkbOeOKi5fwNGtRUeG8xjOUp_68V3GKTVypAIkUyHSPRzfbLUzgFjtevEl7Et-d8ip8Xdsmacc6aNE8HbuxKakg/w640-h220/Carcharodontosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 4: Known remains (in
grey) of <i>Carcharodontosaurus saharicus</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In this spirit, I imagined our hypothetical 1850s-paleontologist
cobbling together the bones of at least three different dinosaurs in order to
provide a more complete basis for a reconstruction. Though they are all from
the Bahariya Formation. With the limited knowledge of the complete dinosaur
skeleton at the time and the common practice of taxonomic overlumping, they may
therefore have been mistakenly assigned to all belong to the same animal. The
lower jaw, the spinal column and the ribs all come from BSP 1912 VIII 19, the
holotype of <i>Spinosaurus aegyptiacus </i>discovered by Stromer (which was
unfortunately destroyed in the Second World War, but excellent sketches of it
remain). The upper jaw/skull, pelvis and hindlimbs come from the holotype of </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Carcharodontosaurus
saharicus</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. The large humerus (upper arm bone) comes from the holotype of the
sauropod </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Paralititan</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, which may have been added
in lieu of both theropod specimens lacking forelimbs. If you think this is
ridiculous, marrying sauropod and theropod remains together has actually
happened around this time. The Swiss sauropod today known as </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Amanzia
greppini</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> was originally named <i>Megalosaurus meriani</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">,<i> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">as
its large bones were found together with <i>Ceratosaurus </i>teeth, leading its
describer to think it was a large predatory dinosaur (Greppin 1870). Since here
we are in a mindframe where all dinosaurs were thought to have been
quadrupeds, giving a theropod such a large forelimb would not seem unlikely.</span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigDH3dy77sseWcXltZv0Z1ZDs7Yi7k8JcPI8gWOAWN0WKx1-H16B8ZOfvdCPWeTVWolyqzRaQgITeSxbVkFV2iBj91CsDzHgySkuUSNQGnAknRoaFRpthD3wcWR9xzH6mhA19_2aA1rfu5DW2SNbNR-oITHoam85z39wtByZwuyD4lUEYnTYJ7oak9Fw/s2860/Crystal%20Palace%20Megalosaurus.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1479" data-original-width="2860" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigDH3dy77sseWcXltZv0Z1ZDs7Yi7k8JcPI8gWOAWN0WKx1-H16B8ZOfvdCPWeTVWolyqzRaQgITeSxbVkFV2iBj91CsDzHgySkuUSNQGnAknRoaFRpthD3wcWR9xzH6mhA19_2aA1rfu5DW2SNbNR-oITHoam85z39wtByZwuyD4lUEYnTYJ7oak9Fw/w640-h330/Crystal%20Palace%20Megalosaurus.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 5: Owen’s original <i>Megalosaurus
</i>skeletal (possibly the oldest skeletal of a dinosaur) for comparison. Note
that it actually differs in many aspects from the statue in the Crystal
Palace Geological Court.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The resulting animal looks like the lovechild of Hawkins’ <i>Megalosaurus
</i>and a <i>Ctenosauriscus </i>or, alternatively, like a <i>Dimetrodon </i>on
steroids. My choice of encasing the bottom of the sail in a sort of fleshy or
muscly hump was based off the Hawkins dinosaurs also having muscular shoulder-humps
similar to rhinos or bovines, which, with these large spines, may then be
extended along the whole back. My positioning of the forelimbs admittedly ended
up looking quite awkward, as I tried getting the whole animal into a horizontal
posture while the large sauropod foreleg would probably force it more
diagonally upward. All in all, though, I do think it ends up looking like a
plausible animal which may have existed at some point had evolution gone a
little differently.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tell me what you think and if you maybe have suggestions for other “hawkinspunk”
dinosaurs to draw.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">If you liked this and other articles, please consider supporting me on
Patreon. I am thankful for any amount, even if it is just 1$, as it will help
me at dedicating more time to this blog and related projects. Patrons also gain
early access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Related Posts:</span></b></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE-CH;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/10/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html"><span style="color: blue;">The Alien Prehistoric World Trope: Part 1 - Antediluvia</span></a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE-CH;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/04/a-history-of-thick-dinosaurs.html"><span style="color: blue;">A History of Thick Dinosaurs</span></a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE-CH;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/07/the-fascinating-afterlife-of-carnivores.html">The Fascinating Afterlife of the Carnivores Videogames</a> </span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: white; background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/04/antique-paleoart-geology-and.html"><span style="color: blue;">Antique Paleoart: Geology and Inhabitants of the Ancient
World</span></a></span></li><li><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/06/antique-paleoart-lost-paleozoic-museum.html">Antique
Paleoart: The Lost Paleozoic Museum</a></span></u></li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">References:</span></b></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="FR-CH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR-CH; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Greppin, Jean-Baptiste: Description géologique du Jura bernois et de
quelques districts adjacents, in: Matériaux pour la carte géologique de la
Suisse, 8, 1870, p. 1–357.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Owen, Richard: Geology and Inhabitants of the Ancient World, London
1854 (Facsimile Edition).</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Stromer, Ernst: <a href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern_NF_22_0001-0079.pdf">Ergebnisse
der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II.
Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unteres Cenoman), Dinosauria</a>, in: Abhandlungen
der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche
Abteilung, 28, 1915, p. 1 – 32.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Stromer, Ernst: Wirbeltierereste
der Baharijestufe (unterestes Canoman). Ein Skelett-Rest von
Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen., in: Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, 9, 1931, p. 1–23.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Witton, Mark & Ellinor, Michel: The Art and Science of the Crystal
Palace Dinosaurs, Ramsbury 2022.</span></li></ul><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Image Sources:</span></b></p>
<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 4: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carcharodontosaurus_saharicus_skeletal.jpg">Wikimedia</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Fig. 5: Owen 1854.</span></li></ul><p>
</p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-64285639908620859022022-07-23T13:23:00.002+02:002024-01-25T16:35:53.971+01:00Diplodocus: A history of reconstructions - Part 1<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg34epYx1Cc-7CsL7UHCTfUOnE6XdP9zNohdQ3J7KLZCfCkLdF710n7ihdsfuDoU0RgrR1lPqwFVDLBDiRl-3oPdP1LvIRuVfeOhQ3ESRy753t1McWrdddAwT37lnAZObJZSXkV7alNm6GcpPQKQV4BUeecGccsoITWmYXf0mHjEmZep6d2npl-171l1w/s1400/Tornier%20Diplodocus.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="1400" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg34epYx1Cc-7CsL7UHCTfUOnE6XdP9zNohdQ3J7KLZCfCkLdF710n7ihdsfuDoU0RgrR1lPqwFVDLBDiRl-3oPdP1LvIRuVfeOhQ3ESRy753t1McWrdddAwT37lnAZObJZSXkV7alNm6GcpPQKQV4BUeecGccsoITWmYXf0mHjEmZep6d2npl-171l1w/w640-h334/Tornier%20Diplodocus.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">"<i>Sauropods
are basically alien animals . . . What can be said of the habits of an animal
with the nose of a Macrauchenia, the neck of a giraffe, the limbs of an
elephant, the feet of a chalicothere, the lungs of a bird, and the tail of a
lizard?</i>" is a rather well-known quote made by paleontologist Walter
Coombs (1975) in a paper about sauropod life habits. Over the past 50 years our
understanding of these giant dinosaurs has greatly improved, but Coombs’
initial assessment about these animals and their skeletons still holds at least some
truth. Like </span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/06/stegosaurus-history-of-reconstructions.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Stegosaurus</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, there is simply nothing like these animals alive today and
it should be no surprise that many paleontologists in the past had some
considerable trouble imagining them as living beings. Today we will therefore
go through the history of one of the most well-known sauropods: <i>Diplodocus</i>.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Earlier Sauropod Reconstructions</span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC_cnu2eXCvknvMt4FwiVtoCboJp1SM6axiDPq680u2UHw8TX-E0pGS84MEBxfCJ5l077P5r-c-WGNPXa7_gz5ITNQ8DCRhzsHO3viZ4N5SH6kgh7BnjpothU8thW3FXp_RbJDwPvo3SXQWbtB_oE8eSrvo1W5aJYsec1-EFyd4fNdZ-NnRn698XRwlg/s1589/McLoughlin%20retro%20sauropods%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="1589" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC_cnu2eXCvknvMt4FwiVtoCboJp1SM6axiDPq680u2UHw8TX-E0pGS84MEBxfCJ5l077P5r-c-WGNPXa7_gz5ITNQ8DCRhzsHO3viZ4N5SH6kgh7BnjpothU8thW3FXp_RbJDwPvo3SXQWbtB_oE8eSrvo1W5aJYsec1-EFyd4fNdZ-NnRn698XRwlg/w640-h254/McLoughlin%20retro%20sauropods%20(2).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 1.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><i>Diplodocus</i> may be
among the longest known, but certainly was not the first known sauropod. The
first remains of such creatures, vertebrae and some limb bones, were uncovered
in 1825 in Oxfordshire, England. When first sent to French vertebrate
paleontologist George Cuvier, he simply identified them as belonging to a
whale, despite coming from Mesozoic aged sediments. In 1841, a year before he
would coin the name Dinosauria, Richard Owen examined the bones more closely
and correctly identified them as belonging to a large reptile, not just because
of the age, but also because the vertebrae were hollow (whale bones, like in
most mammals, are solid). However, Owen would not go on to include the giant
reptile in his definition of Dinosauria. Instead, he interpreted the animal as
being a large relative of crocodilians, giving it the name <i>Cetiosaurus</i>,
literally meaning “whale-lizard”. If ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs were the
Mesozoic equivalent to dolphins and pinnipeds, he believed <i>Cetiosaurus</i>
was the reptilian version of an orca or sperm-whale, a giant marine crocodilian
hunting the more diminutive sea-dwellers. Unfortunately for us, there exists no
life reconstruction of Owen’s <i>Cetiosaurus</i>, at least not one made during
the 19th century, though I imagine it looking similar in his mind to <i>Jurassic World’s</i>
version of <i>Mosasaurus</i>. The above image you see is actually a mockery of
the concept, drawn by John C. McLoughlin in 1979.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In 1850 Gideon
Mantell re-examined additional material that was previously referred to <i>Cetiosaurus</i>
and classified them as distinct enough to be their own genus, <i>Pelorosaurus</i>.
He also correctly identified that <i>Pelorosaurus</i> was a large, land-living
reptile and likely among the Dinosauria. The remains were still highly
incomplete, so nothing was yet known of the characteristic long neck and tail
of sauropods. As </span><a href="http://markwitton-com.blogspot.com/2021/11/the-long-winding-road-to-first-sauropod.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mark Witton has already extensively written</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, life reconstructions from this period of sauropod
research are pretty much non-existent until the 1880s.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinGFPwSqBLTa6hP52aqSEJuB5_j16quB7dgXDocH6uFUO6Cgw6EXfgdfSOykX4nUvPaKn11i0cJZ4UtmMXgB_ENbHIjlNLvtYZJ8118Y2jPAuok2IJX9xYR_m67zzgeUj5F5BSE6lTRkSpbFDyIsydfALgFt0TI3llw3VKIcfP7c_NqjnK2Vq3CaGoBA/s3841/Ryder%20Camarasaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="3841" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinGFPwSqBLTa6hP52aqSEJuB5_j16quB7dgXDocH6uFUO6Cgw6EXfgdfSOykX4nUvPaKn11i0cJZ4UtmMXgB_ENbHIjlNLvtYZJ8118Y2jPAuok2IJX9xYR_m67zzgeUj5F5BSE6lTRkSpbFDyIsydfALgFt0TI3llw3VKIcfP7c_NqjnK2Vq3CaGoBA/w640-h146/Ryder%20Camarasaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 2</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The first largely
complete skeletons would instead come about during the Bone Wars between Marsh
and Cope. The first hint towards the true shape of sauropods came in 1877 with Edward
Cope’s description of <i>Camarasaurus</i>, with John A. Ryder reconstructing
what was then known of the skeleton as best as he could.</span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFZUF7d2z0FWxIkz3x-4IFgQtFjWgnbAR_Rq8oovkn1qMxhZalUm2Fg-NAPeuC1O_w4TCqkEWokGph8PoYk1yuQtyNWowt2pMsalPb0XkCuPrWEgkRPDwayPZninaBlOWwYIoJtGzQ9yiHZNQ8VQk0eDNCQKgHkywi7wtpaBpDphqGCUjLs870N5gcrw/s1748/Blanadet%20Atlantosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1748" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFZUF7d2z0FWxIkz3x-4IFgQtFjWgnbAR_Rq8oovkn1qMxhZalUm2Fg-NAPeuC1O_w4TCqkEWokGph8PoYk1yuQtyNWowt2pMsalPb0XkCuPrWEgkRPDwayPZninaBlOWwYIoJtGzQ9yiHZNQ8VQk0eDNCQKgHkywi7wtpaBpDphqGCUjLs870N5gcrw/w640-h352/Blanadet%20Atlantosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 3.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The first life
reconstruction of a sauropod, <i>Atlantosaurus</i> specifically (today a nomen
dubium), appeared in 1886, being made by a certain J. Blanedet in a book called <i>Le
monde avant la création de l'homme</i> (The World before the Creation of Man),
by Nicolas Camille Flammarion. Given what was known at the time, it is actually
surprisingly good, I would say, and takes many cues from modern monitor
lizards, which is something actually seen again in many modern reconstructions,
as the nasal cavities of monitors and sauropods do have some interesting
similarities. Regarding the author of the book, Flammarion is actually more
well-known for his writings on extraterrestrial life, helping perpetuate </span><a href="https://hardeshur.blogspot.com/2022/07/introduction-i-things-which-lived-on.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">the belief of artificially made canals on Mars</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> alongside Percival Lowell. </span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/11/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Some connections you simply cannot escape</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh34Q4AsRBjd7IXdYRIPWVOWBamadzeCHvD7Lkjl1ugQ6evy_HtTfxt7NK9XPovDThGETtugmof4uimCH-ZeLwhl6AsDwfKhB7OKJpiwA0g6xZk_6exchoKtxvH4V3HZofZFAAcKIB5qGiTjYeP4LUnavDjIniJIVvKlO7eZDANzYuKXkBYOZjJPmssbw/s2275/Brontosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="2275" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh34Q4AsRBjd7IXdYRIPWVOWBamadzeCHvD7Lkjl1ugQ6evy_HtTfxt7NK9XPovDThGETtugmof4uimCH-ZeLwhl6AsDwfKhB7OKJpiwA0g6xZk_6exchoKtxvH4V3HZofZFAAcKIB5qGiTjYeP4LUnavDjIniJIVvKlO7eZDANzYuKXkBYOZjJPmssbw/w640-h252/Brontosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 4.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The first truly
classic sauropod skeletal came in 1896 with Marsh’s restoration of <i>Brontosaurus</i>.
As is now famously known, Marsh did not know what the head of <i>Brontosaurus</i>
actually looked like and when the skeleton was displayed in the Peabody Museum,
it was reconstructed based off the heads of macronarian sauropods, such as <i>Brachiosaurus</i></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQLL1NxIHm352amVnnwbMmovos0TrOmaYhzR5043ZJaseFuu6L4ttEPefqmhEg3_yf-_k7E1kuUWVaOlLmjoWQy_MofelB50Qi_UDeuzCjYJGkFssQJZZTCgeaeMzqymbzsXoA6OHkEXwr54HCoAslyxX3DmXelHDRNu-wLf5W35jJeJ107YTQdG08Q/s1920/Amphicoelias2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1466" data-original-width="1920" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQLL1NxIHm352amVnnwbMmovos0TrOmaYhzR5043ZJaseFuu6L4ttEPefqmhEg3_yf-_k7E1kuUWVaOlLmjoWQy_MofelB50Qi_UDeuzCjYJGkFssQJZZTCgeaeMzqymbzsXoA6OHkEXwr54HCoAslyxX3DmXelHDRNu-wLf5W35jJeJ107YTQdG08Q/w640-h488/Amphicoelias2.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 5.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Cope briefly toyed
with the idea that sauropods were giraffe-like high-browsers mainly living on
land, but eventually he, Marsh and many other researchers at the time, fell
back into the aquatic paradigm that Owen had laid out. Despite the strong,
pillar-like legs, it was thought that sauropods must have lived most of their
life in the water, in order to hold up all their weight, and used their long
necks either as snorkels or to forage for aquatic plants. The latter was
seemingly corroborated by the very small heads and strange teeth of sauropods,
which at the time indicated that these animals could take in only little food
and were bad at chewing, limiting their diet to soft aquatic plants and their metabolism to a low, reptilian level. Thus was born the
classic image of the sluggish, cold-blooded, swamp-bound sauropod, which was
possibly first illustrated in 1897 by Charles R. Knight in an article titled <i>Strange
Creatures from the Past </i>for the <i>Century Magazine</i> (making it one of
Knight’s oldest published pieces of paleoart). The genus depicted is <i>Amphicoelias</i>.
</span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj177aCBl1ir5V2svpAOEf_CnPNvw_rv6NWpD6WBTWmgmqzL5NHi5x4975Ks4aIUp8L8SDkuvFSxDLDnrstHGw4cOZ3sQ-P-hRSYZsLGUItNqBKO6w40Qd7qoL92ysiwjSwyVN-EBJoKG8uPFWiKUyE6th5XBu0rD_KI-M2oFf34WY5GzvQH1dRhxoXNg/s1000/Amphicoelias1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="1000" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj177aCBl1ir5V2svpAOEf_CnPNvw_rv6NWpD6WBTWmgmqzL5NHi5x4975Ks4aIUp8L8SDkuvFSxDLDnrstHGw4cOZ3sQ-P-hRSYZsLGUItNqBKO6w40Qd7qoL92ysiwjSwyVN-EBJoKG8uPFWiKUyE6th5XBu0rD_KI-M2oFf34WY5GzvQH1dRhxoXNg/w640-h474/Amphicoelias1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 6.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">What is little
known is that the drawing is based off an older sketch by Cope, seen above,
which is actually rather mysterious, as its dating is unknown and Cope rather
explicitly drew the animals as being bipedal, kind of like a giant version of a
modern <i>Plateosaurus</i>. While the sketch is usually dated to around the
same time as Knights’ drawing, Adrian Desmond (1975, p. 220) suspected that it
could actually be significantly older, possibly from the 1870s, when it was
still thought most or all dinosaurs were bipeds. If true, I propose that this
image may attest to a very brief period in the timeline of sauropod research
where these animals were imagined as giant bipeds.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">From <i>D. longus</i> to <i>D. carnegii</i></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDZe-Yy6Xtlkn4nayz1OJS6LH7vwVscjhkwDPmWvOaOaguKVMYcBxrSNT7IEo02wkw_9iE39DKWhealQ4qXq4iakLU-ZcDCBWDURBD7O44FdOrayfzrlkiRaSnjYQAk0lfz2ltprFcK6KCnobWproMDBqiJzADXVP4M2D14IxKCJa3R7yGsEQaXkGxw/s1054/D.%20longus%20skull.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1054" data-original-width="791" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDZe-Yy6Xtlkn4nayz1OJS6LH7vwVscjhkwDPmWvOaOaguKVMYcBxrSNT7IEo02wkw_9iE39DKWhealQ4qXq4iakLU-ZcDCBWDURBD7O44FdOrayfzrlkiRaSnjYQAk0lfz2ltprFcK6KCnobWproMDBqiJzADXVP4M2D14IxKCJa3R7yGsEQaXkGxw/w480-h640/D.%20longus%20skull.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 7.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The genus <i>Diplodocus</i>
was first described by O.C. Marsh in 1878 based off remains (YPM VP 1920) from
the Garden Park quarry in Colorado, which were discovered by Benjamin Mudge and
Samuel Williston. The specimen was very incomplete, consisting mostly of
vertebrae, and yet it became the type specimen of <i>Diplodocus longus</i>. If
described today, it would almost certainly be viewed as a dubious taxon, though
an appeal to the ICZN in 2016 to make the later <i>D. carnegii</i> skeletons the
new type for <i>Diplodocus</i> has failed. Until 1884, various new remains were
uncovered and assigned to <i>D. longus</i>, among them USNM V 2672, a complete and
articulated skull, which was also the first skull of a diplodocid known.
Remember this specimen, we will come back to it in part 2.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMZmXN1Ccf3ilPBgjZ4FMTApVZWoDXXM0SUN59brbvzX2pvCzW-B869SZjtdVLjFdv0IyOtnppwGxs3UBJit8_n2unF5DBWqj_QjaQqhdMyNEzvWXNSpiR8QL5Tm-pugsMzwQdzMw2FV3IdG2zj44263Hn5hyImb9FZmZYgzwrk7Ik0BytnrnZz0mHYA/s2402/Hatcher%20Diplodocus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="2402" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMZmXN1Ccf3ilPBgjZ4FMTApVZWoDXXM0SUN59brbvzX2pvCzW-B869SZjtdVLjFdv0IyOtnppwGxs3UBJit8_n2unF5DBWqj_QjaQqhdMyNEzvWXNSpiR8QL5Tm-pugsMzwQdzMw2FV3IdG2zj44263Hn5hyImb9FZmZYgzwrk7Ik0BytnrnZz0mHYA/w640-h168/Hatcher%20Diplodocus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 8.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Because of its
fragmentary nature, no skeletal or life reconstruction exists of <i>Diplodocus</i> from the 19th
century. However, as soon as the century turned, this changed. In 1899 and 1900
Jacob Wortman, John Bell Hatcher, William Jacob Holland and Charles Gilmore,
with funding by Andrew Carnegie, uncovered two largely complete <i>Diplodocus</i>
skeletons at Sheep Creek in Wyoming, CM 84 and CM 94. In 1901, Hatcher made CM
84 the holotype of a new species, <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i>, with the smaller
CM 94 becoming the paratype. In his description Hatcher also provided the first
full-body reconstruction of a <i>Diplodocus </i>skeleton. Apart from being quite
low-slung, its tail is also notably shorter than we are used to nowadays, in
many ways resembling Marsh’s earlier restorations of <i>Brontosaurus</i>. </span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqzkPK0yh1vKdLZzVchUYc1b0QOARQAGOMYwwOAwgAIFqa-1vslpxJTSeyX6np6w5uR51a2a9JR37TUMV9Bp5lITjfxLIf8zXpWDrbrQZzRdetIjW7rZdL6TTyFgsL1Ai_wVQcGygJAPI47xuAY8e80kz0-9qGRQLBl_fT3sEsCGbuBn_YQzqbKO8Xaw/s1858/Holland%20Diplodocus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="785" data-original-width="1858" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqzkPK0yh1vKdLZzVchUYc1b0QOARQAGOMYwwOAwgAIFqa-1vslpxJTSeyX6np6w5uR51a2a9JR37TUMV9Bp5lITjfxLIf8zXpWDrbrQZzRdetIjW7rZdL6TTyFgsL1Ai_wVQcGygJAPI47xuAY8e80kz0-9qGRQLBl_fT3sEsCGbuBn_YQzqbKO8Xaw/w640-h270/Holland%20Diplodocus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 9.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This was quickly
revised again in 1905 with Holland’s redescription for the museum mount, where <i>Diplodocus</i>
finally got its characteristic long whiptail. Quickly, <i>Diplodocus</i> became
not only an animal with a unique appearance, but also a record-breaker, as it
was the longest dinosaur, let alone land animal, known up to that point.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgPuv98CSeKgJVqhkL0IWmdn3Yg0VH_wvizl75aNsj6PPH329I4USTErHR746JJe8VQ8N4w9bMr_vYLMahipe9S0EeAMp0euzNvSqtMAtTa7On6_lT1jKPa8myuVymjA_3iBfgkb2iGE332hVEIONgDOMXVAouww2hhhFrzFoDNicsfjBKaW9Ot7WToA/s929/Woodward%20Diplodocus.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="929" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgPuv98CSeKgJVqhkL0IWmdn3Yg0VH_wvizl75aNsj6PPH329I4USTErHR746JJe8VQ8N4w9bMr_vYLMahipe9S0EeAMp0euzNvSqtMAtTa7On6_lT1jKPa8myuVymjA_3iBfgkb2iGE332hVEIONgDOMXVAouww2hhhFrzFoDNicsfjBKaW9Ot7WToA/w640-h364/Woodward%20Diplodocus.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 10</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Holland’s paper
was accompanied by this life reconstruction, possibly the first ever of
Diplodocus, by Alice B. Woodward. It apparently had appeared earlier that same
year in a May 13th issue of the Londoner magazine <i>Weekly Graphic </i>(Holland
1905). It likely also served as a base for a later image by Woodward appearing
in <i>Nebula to Man</i>, by Henry Robert Knipe. It is an interesting
reconstruction. While the animal is depicted as low-slung and probably rather
sluggish, it is a lot leaner than many later depictions. The clawed, turtle-like
feet are also closer to the real animal than in later reconstructions, which
tended to give sauropods very simplified elephant-feet.</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1_fi3n414VZO7Qyl_LjizP9_kc0ck5Xn1GbuX14Qd4-6nYFR93jWzeHCrqMGlDaOvpUG6WewyhhTgQx5c5IDeZNzYwQFKGYOyonMMAmrfmjPezl0hZJxvZfqW28QRhYGT-4IaVNW4iyCjWOOsAxT9zOZQ1PjDc74rsIc9oqoyZPF90HRIagHCsp9LuA/s1167/Knight%20Diplodocus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1167" data-original-width="1023" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1_fi3n414VZO7Qyl_LjizP9_kc0ck5Xn1GbuX14Qd4-6nYFR93jWzeHCrqMGlDaOvpUG6WewyhhTgQx5c5IDeZNzYwQFKGYOyonMMAmrfmjPezl0hZJxvZfqW28QRhYGT-4IaVNW4iyCjWOOsAxT9zOZQ1PjDc74rsIc9oqoyZPF90HRIagHCsp9LuA/w562-h640/Knight%20Diplodocus.jpg" width="562" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 11</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Other life
reconstructions where soon to follow, such as this famous painting by
Charles R. Knight, made under the direction of Henry Fairfield Osborn for the
American Museum of Natural History. It is notable that this reconstruction is
somewhat at odds with Osborn’s own vision of sauropod lifestyles, as he was
very much of the opinion that these animals were mostly water-dwellers, only
venturing onto land on occasion (Desmond 1975, Hallet & Wedel 2016). The
behaviour depicted here, standing on land proudly erected onto the hindlegs, is
therefore more of a rare occurrence, meant to impress the museum-goers. The
second individual on the right, doing its best Nessie-impression, seems
deliberately tacked on to remind the viewer of how this animal is normally
supposed to live. Ironically, the one on the left aged far better, as many
researchers agree that diplodocids were capable of bipedal rearing, with some
even arguing that this was how they most commonly browsed tree-tops (Hallett
& Wedel 2016).</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Dippy Drama</span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvujtnQ1gtLkSEe9B8SW0yNG9zDyQ9Ts8DYAPNJls24keNEcUN0VTVIBDeOdSvr3rQJQRKPCoYO5HDcXu37FAGvmJrCKO9hFILTDBQ34WzQikVQ90T4CaWa4ZinxvQ96Ihmz3PaxsuFurWjFGoyOP9NEdJNcsI4yWEeuAMgHchJF3W40N2tMrkmdqG3w/s1584/Dippy1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1584" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvujtnQ1gtLkSEe9B8SW0yNG9zDyQ9Ts8DYAPNJls24keNEcUN0VTVIBDeOdSvr3rQJQRKPCoYO5HDcXu37FAGvmJrCKO9hFILTDBQ34WzQikVQ90T4CaWa4ZinxvQ96Ihmz3PaxsuFurWjFGoyOP9NEdJNcsI4yWEeuAMgHchJF3W40N2tMrkmdqG3w/w640-h370/Dippy1.png" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig.12.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Andrew Carnegie
was ecstatic at the discovery of <i>D. carnegii</i>, obviously in part because
the species was named after him. He was not satisfied with just displaying
skeletals on paper, but instead wanted the whole skeleton to be mounted in his
museum. Thus was born in 1907 Dippy, which was composed by Holland out of the
holotype CM 84 and the smaller CM 94. However, even then the full skeleton
could not be fully restored, which is why some minor parts were used from other
sauropods. Most notably, the original skull of Dippy was a mold based off the
specimen USNM 2673, which is today recognized as actually belonging to a wholly
different species, <i>Galeamopus pabsti </i>(Tschopp et al. 2015). Despite
this, Dippy was an impressive skeletal mount for the time and even gained
international attention. Already in 1902, after having seen early sketches for
the upcoming mount, King Edward VII. asked the Carnegie Museum if it is
possible to procure another skeleton for the British Museum. The museum complied
and sent out another expedition to Sheep Creek, but without luck, as no
additional skeletons as good as the two CMs could be found. William Holland then
had the brilliant idea of just copying the Dippy they already had by making
plaster molds of every bone, which could then be shipped and reassembled
overseas. And this is exactly what they did. The museum in fact made multiple
copies of Dippy and shipped them not just to London, but also, in an act of philanthropy, to the natural history museums of Berlin, München, Paris, Wien, Bologna, St.
Petersburg, La Plata, Madrid and Mexico City. Most of the shipments were
accompanied by Holland himself, who supervised their assembly. The shipments became a
Europe-wide media-sensation, Dippy quickly became the centrepiece of many museums
and <i>Diplodocus</i> one of the household dinosaur names. According to some
sources (Russell 1988), in French <i>Diplodocus</i> has become a generic term
for sauropod, much like “brontosaur” in English. I have no way of confirming this, since I principally refuse to speak to French people.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwR4hEHnWqeb4WfTupdVpKPKC8KhWG-zqojH3wyRc1yxa22Q8FU7xRc23duDwjJsj1mlTQQcUHmCZp70HlHVKb2qiA81PJqxkcIPfr8w4SoRBFRQ7NdalmsoQtYZ2pB_Bt6Bx1Iw7ZUx9U-XOrSgFFNDBMbBd8ywregwgHhEi71xvYVN2GtUnAHu7eVA/s1200/Hay%20Diplodocus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="1200" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwR4hEHnWqeb4WfTupdVpKPKC8KhWG-zqojH3wyRc1yxa22Q8FU7xRc23duDwjJsj1mlTQQcUHmCZp70HlHVKb2qiA81PJqxkcIPfr8w4SoRBFRQ7NdalmsoQtYZ2pB_Bt6Bx1Iw7ZUx9U-XOrSgFFNDBMbBd8ywregwgHhEi71xvYVN2GtUnAHu7eVA/w640-h404/Hay%20Diplodocus.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 13.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/08/the-ridoculus-history-of-sprawl-legged.html">Not
everyone was happy with Dippy’s world-tour</a>. Already in 1905 during the unveiling
of London’s Dippy, a certain F. W. Frohawk asked the Carnegie workers if they
were certain about the pillar-erect limb position that they reconstructed the
dinosaur’s legs in. Possibly spurred by this, one of the paleontologists
working for the Carnegie Institute, Oliver Perry Hay, actually dissented with
the erect posture of the Dippy mounts. He argued that Hatcher and Holland had
gotten it wrong by assuming that a cold-blooded reptile of this size would walk
with upright elephantine legs like a mammal. Instead he thought that the
dinosaur would have walked with sprawled legs like a modern lizard or crocodile,
allowing it to rest most of its weight on the ground. Interestingly, in the same paper he also argued against sauropods being able to fully submerge themselves and using their necks as snorkels, with arguments that were rediscovered only decades later.<br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpoeTfdZA7bDtiLtPy6SGXoTnughG5H6bda1A03lb4amp9G-5FI9gnzL8_xbDAhWweQocRBlbWwuTxOcub7zHqCvVm4qIf6IzV41B_BslUsM8aIJHa2VuRJ-0uaCvisWK6NbEjCLscHTd0H605154fDWhpocYA-O6tf-_nRj7F9VwLH8yWqPhOrpZruw/s660/Diplodocus_Heinrich_Harder.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="660" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpoeTfdZA7bDtiLtPy6SGXoTnughG5H6bda1A03lb4amp9G-5FI9gnzL8_xbDAhWweQocRBlbWwuTxOcub7zHqCvVm4qIf6IzV41B_BslUsM8aIJHa2VuRJ-0uaCvisWK6NbEjCLscHTd0H605154fDWhpocYA-O6tf-_nRj7F9VwLH8yWqPhOrpZruw/w640-h398/Diplodocus_Heinrich_Harder.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 14.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">German
paleontologist Gustav Tornier even drew a skeletal based off Hay’s proposal,
which very likely served as the basis for the infamous life reconstruction by
Heinrich Harder above. This whole idea did not survive the 1910s, for
obvious reasons. Holland (1910) wrote a lengthy rebuttal to Hay’s and Tornier’s
criticisms, finding a very critical flaw in them: Not only would all the limbs
have been painfully disarticulated in such a position, the animal’s ribcage was
deeper than the shoulders (something omitted in Tornier’s skeletal), meaning
that if it had actually crawled with sprawled-out legs, the chest would have
hung deeper into the ground than the feet, meaning it could have only been able
to move forward if its belly was constantly hanging into a WW1-style trench.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This is just the beginning of the story. There is much,
much more to write about the history of <i>Diplodocus</i>, which is why I
decided to split this up into two parts. Next time we will look at the
transformation of <i>Diplodocus</i> from a sluggish swamp monster into a “giraffosaur”
and also look at some of the weird and controversial questions which have been
asked about it. What did it eat? Did it have a trunk? Could it give live birth?
How did it hold its neck? Do we actually know <i>less</i> about <i>Diplodocus</i>
than previously assumed? Tune in next time to find out what people have thought
in the past and present.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If you liked
this and other articles, please consider supporting me on Patreon. I am
thankful for any amount, even if it is just 1$, as it will help me at
dedicating more time to this blog and related projects. Patrons also gain early
access to the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Related
Posts:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/11/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
Alien Prehistoric World Trope: Part 2 - Dinosaurs become movie monsters</a></li><li><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/08/the-ridoculus-history-of-sprawl-legged.html" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
Ridoculus History of Sprawl-legged Diplodocus</a></li><li><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-1.html" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Visiting
the Sauriermuseum Aathal - Part 1: The Howe Quarry Dinosaurs</a></li></ul><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Online
Sources/Further Reading:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://markwitton-com.blogspot.com/2021/11/the-long-winding-road-to-first-sauropod.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">http://</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">markwitton</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">-com.blogspot.com/2021/11/the-long-winding-road-to-first-sauropod.html</span></a></li></ul><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">References:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Augusta, Josef: Tiere der Urzeit, Prag 1956.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bakker, Robert
Thomas: The Dinosaur Heresies. New Theories Unlocking The Mystery of the
Dinosaurs and Their Extinction, New York 1986.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ballou, W. H.:
Strange creatures of the past, in: The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine,
New York, 55, 1897, S. 15 -23.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Colbert, Edwin:
Men and Dinosaurs, London 1968.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Coombs, Walter:
Sauropod habits and habitats, in: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 17, 1975, p. 1-33.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Desmond, Adrian:
The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs. A revolution in Paleontology, London 1975.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Flammarion,
Nicholas Camille: Le monde avant la création de l'homme: origines de la terre,
origines de la vie, origines de l'humanité, Paris 1886.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gilmore, Charles
Whitney: On a newly mounted skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States
National Museum, in: Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81,
1932, S. 1–21.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hallett,
Mark/Wedel, Mathew: The Sauropod Dinosaurs. Life in the Age of Giants,
Baltimore 2016.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hatcher, John
Bell: Diplodocus Marsh, its osteology, taxonomy and probable habits, with a restoration
of the skeleton, in: Mem. Carnegie Mus., 1, 1901, S. 1 – 63.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hay, O. P., 1908.
On the habits and the pose of sauropodous dinosaurs, especially of Diplodocus,
Am. Nat., 42, pp. 672-881.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Holland, William
Jacob: The osteology of Diplodocus Marsh with a special reference to the
restoration of the skeleton of Diplodocus carnegiei Hatcher presented by Mr.
Andrew Carnegie to the British Museum, in: Mem. Carnegie Mus., 2, 1905, S. 225
– 264.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Holland, William
Jacob: A review of some recent criticisms of the restoration of sauropod
dinosaurs, with special reference to that of Diplodocus carnegiei in the
Carnegie Museum, in: Am. Nat., 44, 1910, S. 259 – 283.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Holland, William
Jacob: The Skull of Diplodocus, in: Mem. Carnegie Mus., 9, 1924, S. 379 - 404.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marsh, Othniel
Charles: The Dinosaurs of North America, in: Annual Report of the US Geological
Survey, 16, 1896, S. 135 - 415.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Martin et al.: Not
cranes or masts, but beams: The biomechanics of sauropod necks, in: Oryctos, 1,
1998, S. 113 – 120.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew, William
Diller: Dinosaurs. With special reference to the American Museum collections,
New York 1915.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mcloughlin, John:
Archosauria. A New Look at the Old Dinosaur, New York 1979.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Osborn, H. F., and
C. C. Mook. 1921. Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias and other sauropods of Cope.
Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, n.s. 3:247-387 and plates
LX-LXXXV.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Osborn, Henry
Fairfield: Cope. Master Naturalist, Princeton 1931.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Popular Science
Monthly, Vol. 72, 1908, S. 440.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Probst, Ernst: Tiere der Urwelt. Leben und Werk des
Berliner Malers Heinrich Harder, Norderstedt 2014.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Russell, Dale: An
Odyssey in Time. The Dinosaurs of North America, Minocqua 1988.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Taylor et al.: The
long necks of sauropods did not evolve primarily through sexual selection, in:
Journal of Zoology, 824, 2011, S. 1 – 12.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tschopp,
Emanuel/Mateus, Octavio/Benson, Roger: A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis
and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda), in: PeerJ, 3,
2015.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Wells, Herbert
George: A Short History of the World, London 1922.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Witmer, Lawrence:
Nostril Position in Dinosaurs and Other Vertebrates and Its Significance for
Nasal Function, in: Science, 293, 2001, 850 – 853.</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Image
Sources:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 1: McLoughlin
1979.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 2: Osborn
& Mook 1921.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 3: Flammarion
1886.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 4: Marsh 1896.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 5: Ballou
1897.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 6: </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amphicoelias_altus_cope_sketch.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Wikimedia</a></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 7: Marsh
1896.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 8: Hatcher
1901.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 9: Holland
1905.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 10: Holland
1905.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 11: </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diplodocus_cknight.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Wikimedia</a></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 12: Popular
Science Monthly, Vol. 72, 1908, S. 440.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 13: Hay 1908.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fig. 14: Probst
2014.</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p></p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5960010235948258354.post-88315877232283076632022-06-25T18:57:00.014+02:002023-08-07T00:36:57.622+02:00Stegosaurus: A history of reconstructions<p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A likely reason for
what makes dinosaurs so appealing to us today is that they combine the familiar
with the unfamiliar. We can see attributes of giraffes, rhinos, turtles or
birds in sauropods, ceratopsians, ankylosaurs and theropods, recombined in ways
that feel both alien yet still understandable. However, there is at least one
group of dinosaurs that one can describe as truly alien with no modern
analogues and those are the stegosaurs. A bird-like tiny head sits on a long
neck attached to a massive body, with almost comically disproportionate limbs
and a tail that looks more like a medieval weapon than a biological structure.
And then there is of course the famous, strangely arrayed backplates and
spikes, the likes of which, to paraphrase John Foster, can arguably only be
found elsewhere in the lobopods of the Cambrian. The true strangeness of <i>Stegosaurus</i>
and its close relatives is something that can be underappreciated at times and
nowhere else is this as apparent as when looking back at the history of people
trying to piece this animal back together. In many ways, the history of reconstruction
of this genus might be a good test case for what might happen one day should
mankind ever try to reconstruct multicellular fossils on another planet like
Mars.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">The earliest years with <i>Stegosaurus armatus</i></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The first known
remains of a <i>Stegosaurus</i> (YPM 1850) were described by Othniel Charles
Marsh in 1877, during the midst of the infamous Bone Wars. The material,
uncovered by Arthur Lakes north of the town of Morrison in Colorado, was highly
incomplete, mostly consisting of a few vertebrae, other postcranial bones and a
single of the famous dorsal plates. There were also teeth and limb bones
assigned to the specimen, but these later turned out to have actually belonged
to a <i>Diplodocus</i> and an <i>Allosaurus</i> respectively (Carpenter &
Galton 2001). Despite the incompleteness, YPM 1850 was still assigned to be the
holotype of a new dinosaur species, <i>Stegosaurus armatus</i>, because Marsh
was Marsh and the Bone Wars were the Bone Wars. The genus name <i>Stegosaurus </i>means
“roofed lizard” and derives from Marsh’s initial interpretation of the animal.
He believed that the backplates of the animal were similar to those of the
Cretaceous stem-turtle <i>Atlantochelys </i>and thus interpreted them as lying
flat on the back like roof-tiles to form a carapace (Marsh 1877). What later
turned out to be tail-spikes were also initially interpreted as part of the
dorsal armor, perhaps sticking out between the plates. Marsh’s initial vision
of the animal was a sort of turtle-like dinosaur that lived mostly in water,
but when coming out on land would walk bipedally. The latter idea derives in
part from the disproportionate length of the limbs (though mind you some of
these came from an <i>Allosaurus</i>, as mentioned), but also because it was
commonly thought between the 1860s and the 1870s that all dinosaurs were
bipeds, as the most complete dinosaur skeletons up to that point were those of <i>Hadrosaurus</i>
and <i>Dryptosaurus</i> (<i>Laelaps</i>). Only in the same year as Marsh’s
description was it made apparent that some dinosaurs were indeed quadrupeds,
when Edward Drinker Cope sketched the first skeletal for <i>Camarasaurus</i>.</span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf7Psd52z0DA1zWsuuYxzOHov3aZZRsY0EzSLEw3qSvl038gM-se_nI3VQxRrJBHXHwDn-i0W7NhM21JioTA5CDCTdMeyEQbf8T-gtu7g1c55jABTnkda5c86MObJ1w2jDMHo3sf25jBBVPW-jvJdacspTG1u_kHWNi9dC6bR5MBgtyUWu_u-2we7NkQ/s597/Tobins%20Stegosaurus.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="597" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf7Psd52z0DA1zWsuuYxzOHov3aZZRsY0EzSLEw3qSvl038gM-se_nI3VQxRrJBHXHwDn-i0W7NhM21JioTA5CDCTdMeyEQbf8T-gtu7g1c55jABTnkda5c86MObJ1w2jDMHo3sf25jBBVPW-jvJdacspTG1u_kHWNi9dC6bR5MBgtyUWu_u-2we7NkQ/w400-h378/Tobins%20Stegosaurus.png" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 1</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Marsh provided no
restoration for YPM 1850. The first known artistic depiction of <i>Stegosaurus</i>
instead appeared in the 51st issue of the <i>Scientific American</i>, on the
29th November of 1884. The illustration was made by a certain A. Tobin, whose
full name and further information I have unfortunately never been able to
uncover. The article the above illustration appeared in was not about <i>Stegosaurus</i>
specifically, but about dinosaurs in general and advances in paleontology, as
such there is not much information behind the reconstruction and the purpose of
the image was simply to show readers of the time what dinosaurs were like in
the flesh. Tobin seems to have based it roughly on Marsh’s initial description,
though still has taken some liberties. The dinosaur is presented less
turtle-like and instead fairly lean, with an outline and posture more typical
of other dinosaur depictions at the time. This is very apparent thanks to the
other dinosaur standing behind it (which the description in the article
identifies as <i>Compsognathus</i>, which is very strange, as not only were the
two genera geographically separated from each other, but <i>Compsognathus </i>was only
about the size of a chicken). What is notable and perhaps prescient about
Tobin’s depiction is that it shows at least some of the plates sticking out of
the skin instead of lying flat on top. Though this may also be coincidental to
create a tail similar to that of a crocodilian. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Edit from 2023: As kindly pointed out by fan of the blog Zain Ahmed, after I had written this post a new paper has been published by Eric Buffetaut in the journal Historia Natural, which sheds some light on the many oddities about "Tobin's" <i>Stegosaurus</i>. It did in fact not first appear in the Scientific American and the artist's name was not even Tobin! The above image first appeared in a paper written by French paleontologist Henri Emil Sauvage (interesting nominative determinism there) which was published on October 11th 1884 in a short-lived popular science magazine named <i>Science et Nature</i>. As it turns out, the full name of the illustrator was Auguste Michel <b>J</b>obin, a scientific illustrator who has made more paleoart that has sadly been forgotten about (though Buffetaut announced in his paper that he will examine it in a future publication). Furthermore, the dinosaur identified in the SA article as <i>Compsognathus </i>was actually labelled as "compsonote" in Sauvage's paper, which is most likely a misspelling of <i>Comptonotus</i>, an old name for <i>Camptosaurus</i>, an iguanodontian that indeed lived together with <i>Stegosaurus </i>in the Morrison. It seems a lot of things have been confused or lost in translation when the image was re-used by <i>Scientific American</i>.<i><br /></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">Of <i>Ungulatus</i>, <i>Stenops</i> and the first
skeletal</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Even before Jobin,
Marsh got busy with his stegosaurs. In 1879 already, Lakes found for him
several more stegosaur fossils in the famous Como Bluff. Among them was YPM
1853, which was the holotype for the new species <i>Stegosaurus ungulatus</i>.
It was a lot more complete than the previous specimen, preserving parts of the
skull, many of the vertebrae, limb bones, backplates and tail spikes. In the
following years Marsh went on to describe two further species, <i>S. affinis</i>
and <i>S. duplex</i>, but these were based off specimens that were either too
simple to deserve distinction or are lost today. A breakthrough was made in
1885, when Marshall P. Felch uncovered USNM 4934 at the Garden Park quarry in
Colorado. The stegosaur was not only very complete, but fully articulated. This
made it the best glimpse into the true anatomy of <i>Stegosaurus </i>up to that
point. Based off it, Marsh described it as the new species <i>Stegosaurus</i> <i>stenops</i>
in 1877. On a side note, another species was named by him the same year with <i>Stegosaurus</i>
<i>sulcatus</i>, based off USNM V 4937. <i>S. sulcatus</i> is rarely talked
about but still notable, as it is probably still valid and possibly the only <i>Stegosaurus</i>
species that possessed shoulder-spikes similar to other stegosaurs like <i>Kentrosaurus
</i>(Galton 2010). </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7rFHaYvuNdveiVIzv_nV6YWUpkNPJHbGResjHt-lqbPbPhPmUK8L5_H6-I0rfaoOmYbop9Bany3TEIUnsnfOpz3TIEI-8C-4cdz4XHUcrf6V62izShHcblWKTYx2or2vpy_ys80gCv486sdlc8lJdS0ybnXb5Ri9R3yQR5z6S2ii47k6O6AEyXZu0Hw/s1123/Marsh%20Stegosaurus.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="1123" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7rFHaYvuNdveiVIzv_nV6YWUpkNPJHbGResjHt-lqbPbPhPmUK8L5_H6-I0rfaoOmYbop9Bany3TEIUnsnfOpz3TIEI-8C-4cdz4XHUcrf6V62izShHcblWKTYx2or2vpy_ys80gCv486sdlc8lJdS0ybnXb5Ri9R3yQR5z6S2ii47k6O6AEyXZu0Hw/w640-h406/Marsh%20Stegosaurus.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 2.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Based on all this
new information, Marsh published the very first full skeletal of a <i>Stegosaurus
</i>in 1891, which you can see above. This is likely also the most well-known
illustration of the animal, as it has been reproduced in art and books too many
times to count. Despite its prominence, there are many particularities about it
that often go uncommented. Firstly, instead of basing it off the skeleton of
the largely complete <i>S. stenops</i>, Marsh tried to depict
the more incomplete <i>S. ungulatus</i> with this skeletal, filling in blank
areas with data from <i>S. stenops </i>and other <i>Stegosaurus</i>. Therefore, this skeletal is a composite of many specimens, which as we
will see, would have some grave consequences down the line. Secondly, there is
the arrangement of the famous backplates. Marsh had by now realized that they
did not lie flat, but instead grew erect out of the skin, as the attachment sites for the skin and flesh were only at one end of the plate instead of one whole surface. However, the way he
imagined them to be patterned differed strongly from our modern vision. Marsh
interpreted the plates to all grow behind each other in a single line along the
spine. Possibly, this is what forced the dinosaur into such a dramatically arched
position, as otherwise Marsh could not have fit on all the plates on the back. There is a chance some
of you might still be familiar with this arrangement, as Stephen Czerkas
briefly tried to revive this idea in 1987, using the arrangement of spikes on
modern lizards like iguanas as an argument. While in scientific circles this
never went anywhere, Czerkas’ single-plate-line model was still popular enough
to become the basis for the <i><a href="http://dinotoyblog.com/2019/08/23/stegosaurus-jurassic-park-series-1-by-kenner/">Stegosaurus<span style="font-style: normal;"> toy in the very first Kenner toyline</span></a></i>
for 1993’s <i>Jurassic Park </i>(when the dinosaur finally appeared in the
movie’s sequel, it thankfully sported the more conventional plate arrangement,
but still came with many other problems, including being twice as large as the
real animal).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Lastly, there is
the number of spikes on the tail, which is eight instead of the conventional
four. Marsh curiously knew that <i>S. stenops</i> only had four spikes, but
thought <i>S. ungulatus</i> had more, as he found up to nine of them with the <i>S.
ungulatus</i> holotype. Because the skeleton was mixed together with multiple
individuals, Marsh did consider that the spikes were from two or more different
tails, but concluded that eight came from a single individual, because his
analysis did not consider them to be duplicates (Carpenter & Galton 2001). </span>
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoE1iyhDVvvv3E8VDeI6H1DwSCu6alGLm64YqU_c5J2z3mzCJawo8JfW6NIgbp5QeyvuQjPvNjtk5RQPM8ohUkFPspto6gijF_eKdPaaMWgYvMm7corKE2QMoRSv7Cc7EhC13m6bKPo_xhzRYrxOO09CnD2cyucGedyARmjhbupwALZZFC16oS_VFp1g/s497/Yale%20Stegosaurus.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="459" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoE1iyhDVvvv3E8VDeI6H1DwSCu6alGLm64YqU_c5J2z3mzCJawo8JfW6NIgbp5QeyvuQjPvNjtk5RQPM8ohUkFPspto6gijF_eKdPaaMWgYvMm7corKE2QMoRSv7Cc7EhC13m6bKPo_xhzRYrxOO09CnD2cyucGedyARmjhbupwALZZFC16oS_VFp1g/w370-h400/Yale%20Stegosaurus.PNG" width="370" /></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <br /></span></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 3.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">While quite
strange from a modern perspective, Marsh’s first skeletal reconstruction would
have a wide-reaching effect. One of them was that it would form the basis for
the actual mount of <i>S. ungulatus</i> at the Yale Peabody Museum, which was
likewise constructed of multiple individuals. While Richard Swann Lull modified
the mount in 1924 to make the plates paired, it did bear eight tail spikes for
the majority of its history. The popularity of this skeleton is therefore
likely one of the largest reasons why the idea persisted for so long that <i>S.
ungulatus</i> can be distinguished from <i>S. stenops</i> by having eight
instead of four tail spikes. Today it is thought that Marsh made a mistake in
his assumptions and that <i>S. ungulatus</i> really did only have four spikes like
its relative (Carpenter & Galton 2001). It is still neat to know this bit
of history, as it means that any time you see a <i>Stegosaurus</i> with eight
spikes in old paleoart, it is most likely meant to depict <i>S. ungulatus</i>.
Another long-lived legacy of Marsh’s comes from his 1896 monograph <i>The
Dinosaurs of North America</i>, in which he emphasizes the nervous system (or
rather lack thereof) in <i>Stegosaurus</i>. While Marsh never actually did
claim that the hollow cavity in the hip vertebrae was the resting place of a
second brain, he suggestively talks about it in strong relation to the small
size of the skull’s brain cavity. It was therefore very easy to simplify
Marsh’s writing as claiming that <i>Stegosaurus</i> had such a small brain in
its skull that it needed multiple nerve centers to operate different parts of
the body. Thus was born the unfortunate myth of the butt-brained dinosaur. Today
it is thought that the hip-cavity instead housed a glycogen reserve, as it very
much still does in some modern birds.</span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdJwvkHMnRwk34S3atoC2IbVmlO6LvjsWujegeviS-CBVTpZOq-JZzRwR40-TNprYNBcCqCRFNkfSrklLGeKnXdiprIf36-KLAuJJ2YZe6P8ZQfLdiFIGGiTcAeY-mO58EddLKsDs_Hdvns8uH7iJL8WdsqObq9MdoNQtPqA2KcaUXdCXtSPMauu5pwQ/s845/Smit%20Stegosaurus.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="529" data-original-width="845" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdJwvkHMnRwk34S3atoC2IbVmlO6LvjsWujegeviS-CBVTpZOq-JZzRwR40-TNprYNBcCqCRFNkfSrklLGeKnXdiprIf36-KLAuJJ2YZe6P8ZQfLdiFIGGiTcAeY-mO58EddLKsDs_Hdvns8uH7iJL8WdsqObq9MdoNQtPqA2KcaUXdCXtSPMauu5pwQ/w640-h400/Smit%20Stegosaurus.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 4.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Marsh’s work was
shortly thereafter followed by the first life reconstruction of the “new” <i>Stegosaurus</i>
with a single plate-line and eight tail-spikes, appearing in the popular book <i>Extinct
Monsters</i> from 1893, by H.N. Hutchinson, illustrated by Dutch zoology illustrator Joseph Smit.
Differing from Marsh’s skeletal, which had more elephantine limbs, the animal is presented here crawling almost
like a lizard or a crocodile and indeed many reconstructions from the late 19th
century, such as those of Heinrich Harder, would emphasize the reptilian nature
of the animal with such postures. In part, this may have been due to the growing
dogma at the time about dinosaurs as a whole being just overgrown lizards,
though one can also imagine that this was done in part to also make this almost
alien creature seem more familiar.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBieKlrv4ln9KJmV69rQ_dBo2oSsFBUBnEcf_N63Xj8KCog43qHlImxpnoXbYqdSu_tW_1ozZ7QQzm_rzzTB7NJqF85SpDEh0RGwRnjnOoqdPGlwyDpHk9nqvZchik7_ApilYz9TIoyUh8_7lYmVI1ChhPTKzt-GMN20k0MeIc1pmIG5CFETRdz7sbrQ/s924/Bond%20Stegosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="924" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBieKlrv4ln9KJmV69rQ_dBo2oSsFBUBnEcf_N63Xj8KCog43qHlImxpnoXbYqdSu_tW_1ozZ7QQzm_rzzTB7NJqF85SpDEh0RGwRnjnOoqdPGlwyDpHk9nqvZchik7_ApilYz9TIoyUh8_7lYmVI1ChhPTKzt-GMN20k0MeIc1pmIG5CFETRdz7sbrQ/w640-h442/Bond%20Stegosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 5</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A strange
intermezzo from the general trend appeared in 1899, with this illustration by
Frank Bond under the guidance of a certain W.C. Knight from the University of
Wyoming (Gilmore 1914). While the general outline of the body seems to have
taken notice of Marsh’s skeletal, the arrangement of the armour is a genuine
throwback to his original idea from 1877 of a “turtlesaur”, making this
illustration pretty anachronistic. Ironically, it also shows the animal to be
more flexible and dynamic than usual at the time and it would take over half a
century before someone would consider again the possibility of <i>Stegosaurus</i>
being able to rear up on its hindlegs.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWszjkPC1ikjI7beWgfbZ4v2GNb7r8gTNoBBNMIKumqUDFQ5j_nthBn3FPKpBIAF-PxoDGnDi9m5iZcdyOWj3n-CE4hCnzENSETIpBUGoAS1P5HLefjZtR9JPy9qO62ltVKOuZsn-rPTRVxoeL65VwpYEhzA3FhKipjQKjedEalFlx3Fz0Jl-aSNuhg/s700/Knight%20Stegosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="700" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWszjkPC1ikjI7beWgfbZ4v2GNb7r8gTNoBBNMIKumqUDFQ5j_nthBn3FPKpBIAF-PxoDGnDi9m5iZcdyOWj3n-CE4hCnzENSETIpBUGoAS1P5HLefjZtR9JPy9qO62ltVKOuZsn-rPTRVxoeL65VwpYEhzA3FhKipjQKjedEalFlx3Fz0Jl-aSNuhg/w640-h416/Knight%20Stegosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 6</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1901 saw perhaps
the most classic of the old depictions of the animal, drawn by none other than
Charles R. Knight, though under the guidance of Frederic Lucas, at the time a
curator for the Smithsonian Institution (Gilmore 1914). Lucas commissioned the
painting to portray his new idea that the plates of <i>Stegosaurus</i> were not
all aligned in a single line, but instead grew in pairs. Unlike modern
depictions, he and Knight thought them to have been arranged in bilateral
symmetry, meaning the plates mirrored each other. To give credit where credit
is due, most people would probably agree that this was the more intuitive
interpretation than what we ended up with today. Long into the early 20th
century, Richard Swann Lull would still defend the paired-plate model and, as
mentioned, would have the Yale mount display it. A few other notable things
about Knight’s first reconstruction are how dark and menacing he drew the
animal and how he gave it a hooked beak, something not apparent in the real
animal’s skull (which, I personally think, when viewed up close, has actually more of a
resemblance to early ornithopod skulls, like <i>Camptosaurus</i>). Despite
this, portraying <i>Stegosaurus</i> with an almost eagle-like head would become
a minor paleoart trope, appearing most prominently in the first illustrated
version of Arthur Conan Doyle’s <i>The Lost World</i>.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJ9YFgNFxkJCGyhPdzt0PKaaUrB2foVyKV-Nl6AHTB8Yh2rVbk5GNqvGNySHAXvbPvkNXBH4yyLvsOJRrHQwlpGu7keoB40IVJDomObDqEty5XTTtS7Ehm7P6db1w5iT2iJMgQK5_J_6jljAUJ9YffKPU_jmwaMy6f_HeldwU13R5Hr7jGS_J__X7Rg/s903/Roberts%20Stegosaurus.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="903" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJ9YFgNFxkJCGyhPdzt0PKaaUrB2foVyKV-Nl6AHTB8Yh2rVbk5GNqvGNySHAXvbPvkNXBH4yyLvsOJRrHQwlpGu7keoB40IVJDomObDqEty5XTTtS7Ehm7P6db1w5iT2iJMgQK5_J_6jljAUJ9YffKPU_jmwaMy6f_HeldwU13R5Hr7jGS_J__X7Rg/w400-h216/Roberts%20Stegosaurus.PNG" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 7.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Less than a year
after Knight’s painting, Lucas already revised his model and instead concluded
that the plates of <i>Stegosaurus</i> were arranged in an
alternating/glide-symmetric pattern (Gilmore 1914), meaning they did not mirror each other but instead formed a
distinct left and right side. The main reason for this is that the plates are
actually arranged this way in the type specimen of <i>Stegosaurus stenops</i>
(which is why the dinosaur here only has four tail spikes). This is also the
reason for why this reconstruction remains the dominant one today. While it has
been argued that the alternating pattern could be an artefact of taphonomy, the
completeness and articulation of the skeleton argues against this and other
specimens also show signs of such chirality (Cameron et al. 2016). In the same
year of 1901, Lucas commissioned a drawing of this new hypothesis from a
certain G.E. Roberts, which is most likely the very first depiction of <i>Stegosaurus</i>
in art with an alternating plate-arrangement (Gilmore 1914). Unfortunately, the
drawing here is not very good, especially anatomy-wise, and was not widely
publicized at the time, only appearing years later, in 1910, in an article for
the magazine <i>Outdoor Life</i> (Gilmore 1914).</span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVwcUNI2QkzD1ZUhnG-6tqwNNwglUKl9PEvclL7gAbTgFfcjaeSnmWKgdOBrWVzgUQ1H5G65JmopCGPA15Nya4L15YHFhdVl5Q-ofk27qvK2R29C_bSSnIoBsKTig67rdAo85XSx5zUYZsC0MPTQdUmfYa38cUt8zu6WaJGINFeiIoBT_RLaj1yzldag/s949/Knight%20Stegosaurus%203.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="949" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVwcUNI2QkzD1ZUhnG-6tqwNNwglUKl9PEvclL7gAbTgFfcjaeSnmWKgdOBrWVzgUQ1H5G65JmopCGPA15Nya4L15YHFhdVl5Q-ofk27qvK2R29C_bSSnIoBsKTig67rdAo85XSx5zUYZsC0MPTQdUmfYa38cUt8zu6WaJGINFeiIoBT_RLaj1yzldag/w400-h259/Knight%20Stegosaurus%203.PNG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-6S-s5LTh12YXPrDgwVovqIwjYI8Xl-CpY4N7hiA_z7qUDeGWmvC0sHNOQWJwJfHCyofJRdsacZnkErIiD_kszX7ZBC0U9_dftjg5uy0l302jNHX9eFQXjc1DN8FlFHE2lnM_rRotCOmWAtO6Kq30Oy-YApTGWAe9vAK0YM5OiNbD7Fya1-TWiweZrw/s807/Knight%20Stegosaurus%202.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="807" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-6S-s5LTh12YXPrDgwVovqIwjYI8Xl-CpY4N7hiA_z7qUDeGWmvC0sHNOQWJwJfHCyofJRdsacZnkErIiD_kszX7ZBC0U9_dftjg5uy0l302jNHX9eFQXjc1DN8FlFHE2lnM_rRotCOmWAtO6Kq30Oy-YApTGWAe9vAK0YM5OiNbD7Fya1-TWiweZrw/w640-h468/Knight%20Stegosaurus%202.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 8 & 9.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Thankfully, Lucas
commissioned Knight again in 1903 to recreate Roberts’ version, but with a more
robust anatomy (Gilmore 1919). This time it was in the form of a miniature wax
model. Knight would use this as a basis for a gigantic life-sized model of <i>S.
stenops</i>, which was originally produced for and exhibited in the World’s
Fair of St. Louis of 1904 (Gilmore 1919). Its exhibition at said World’s Fair
is possibly one of the reasons why the alternating plate-model was also the one
that became more prominent with the wider public than any other interpretation.
After the fair, the model would go to the United States National Museum, where
it would accompany the <i>S. stenops</i> skeleton USNM 6531. As I have never
been to that museum, I do not know what happened to this model. If you know
more about its whereabouts, please tell.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Edit: As a friendly commenter has informed me, "Steggy the Stegosaurus" has thankfully survived to modern day, but has been transferred from the Smithsonian to the <a href="https://www.museumoftheearth.org/exhibit/steggy-the-stegosaurus">Museum of the Earth</a>, in Ithaca, New York State. Thank you Abel Alfonso for this info! <br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_z0BXD-TtZKfWCot0k9GBf46B5Yx24Wer0vQ5VhkcxaMLmetjJDmdFm0rNbZgW1VF-9u75V1BxRDAkOyIHTjPuZynpkFUjeI7vgrkwZSufJUJau71SEQLWhKUDzVFrBCtQRwtY3fjveB05SWwlWVcRaLKOe0TvfPuazla990ybtiAm_B759yjy0CzCQ/s782/Gilmore%20Stegosaurus%203.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="782" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_z0BXD-TtZKfWCot0k9GBf46B5Yx24Wer0vQ5VhkcxaMLmetjJDmdFm0rNbZgW1VF-9u75V1BxRDAkOyIHTjPuZynpkFUjeI7vgrkwZSufJUJau71SEQLWhKUDzVFrBCtQRwtY3fjveB05SWwlWVcRaLKOe0TvfPuazla990ybtiAm_B759yjy0CzCQ/s320/Gilmore%20Stegosaurus%203.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 10.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In 1915, Charles
Whitney Gilmore, who has been a great resource on the early history of <i>Stegosaurus</i>,
would create his own little life model of the critter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is similar to Knight’s, albeit more
gracile and compact.</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4rfHV3BAFqMUSJwSOPok-z2l-Eto8OSxkuYf_I1i6tx7AbO8HlIiRROjInEeTtXoUsw64MF7HWXexTWoN1QkZCpKdvfn140yV7HTKu_RNCxlNdus5wY2C7OVnTZDexiPXW4kzPjh1Cbd16LbDA5ZSSNpv4bzHqb-oPFH5rfrwCLtekvUmtTr2T6tAQQ/s550/Flying%20Stegosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="550" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4rfHV3BAFqMUSJwSOPok-z2l-Eto8OSxkuYf_I1i6tx7AbO8HlIiRROjInEeTtXoUsw64MF7HWXexTWoN1QkZCpKdvfn140yV7HTKu_RNCxlNdus5wY2C7OVnTZDexiPXW4kzPjh1Cbd16LbDA5ZSSNpv4bzHqb-oPFH5rfrwCLtekvUmtTr2T6tAQQ/w640-h358/Flying%20Stegosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 11.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Unfortunately for
Gilmore, the only time his model would be referenced was in a newspaper article
of the Ogden Standard-Examiner from the 15th of August 1920 (which is NOT April
Fools day). Written by a man named W.H. Ballou, who had previously worked as
an illustrator for Edward Drinker Cope, the article titled “The Aeroplane
Dinosaur of a Million Years ago” seriously proposes that <i>Stegosaurus</i> was
capable of not only flexing its backplates, but also using them to glide through
the air! How Ballou came to such a conclusion is hard to discern, though the
notion that birds descended from dinosaurs was still en vogue at this time and
Ballou emphasizes the fact that <i>Stegosaurus</i> was part of the
Ornithischia, the bird-hipped dinosaurs. While we today know that birds
actually descend from the Saurischia, Ballou obviously did think that there is
a close connection (</span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2020/08/unorthodox-ideas-about-bird-origins.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">as did others before him</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">) and could therefore have very well concluded that
some members of the group could have also experimented with other forms of
flight. While obviously ridiculous, the idea did curiously reappear again in
1930 in the novel <i>Tarzan at the Earth’s Core </i>by Edgar Rice Burroughs. Yes,
THE Tarzan gets attacked by such “aeroplane dinosaurs” in this story. As far as
I know, it is not known if Burroughs actually did read this fairly obscure newspaper
article or separately came up with the concept by himself.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">The classic years</span></b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEENR6qB7VWFxWlIFjFH1MxqXng-meBcfWRTBerqchoa_Kt5S5YgDPu1WFeHZAJENFct5pmOEZKzEOgNAov9ytpgHspVgCM4Ozh29dmI9gTVD_33mrxDDsY-eWXFZ76ff4Tb722UfIDTzPKLspT1JEn44vPIed2n4fJUB0yCMWcpIzJgBvW-q-zsmimw/s800/King%20Kong%20Stegosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="535" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEENR6qB7VWFxWlIFjFH1MxqXng-meBcfWRTBerqchoa_Kt5S5YgDPu1WFeHZAJENFct5pmOEZKzEOgNAov9ytpgHspVgCM4Ozh29dmI9gTVD_33mrxDDsY-eWXFZ76ff4Tb722UfIDTzPKLspT1JEn44vPIed2n4fJUB0yCMWcpIzJgBvW-q-zsmimw/w268-h400/King%20Kong%20Stegosaurus.jpg" width="268" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 12.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Stegosaurus</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> appeared again in spectacular fashion (and thankfully
on the ground) in 1933’s classic <i>King Kong</i>, brought to life by Willis
O’Brien in glorious stop-motion. The dinosaur is the first prehistoric animal
that the protagonists meet on the island and not only is it presented as larger
than life, but also requires a multitude of rifle shots to be brought down. It
is notably the last prominent depiction to show the plates being arranged in
pairs and likely was based off Knight’s first reconstruction. Instead of
a beak it also seems to sport scaly lips. People forgetting that <i>Stegosaurus</i> had
a beak of some kind is strangely prevalent in some pop-culture-depictions, with
even the <i>Jurassic World</i> movies making this error (made doubly strange
with the older <i>The Lost World: Jurassic Park</i> actually getting this
detail right). One could speculate that this is intentionally done to make the
animal more reptilian (and therefore probably monstrous), as beaks are
something associated more with birds, but then again, turtles have beaks too. A
genuine lack of even the most basic research might therefore be the more likely
reason. </span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjard6RDzAyibcJRzKJxYjP43oxNwDobF6R2LZg0zOWeN-L1HN8Rz2TxAg1YQsC8KxlvFlEfi3TZf-ZU7iLgwh_XQg2sfS3MnG0YF2ke0pWq0JvNT5BeGN4Zg9XuM1BcrilVOAujhp_quj8TtTrqwESJ96dZaWsUcLf3bZjBozTtWVvEaLXakj0hOheFA/s464/Fantasia%20Stegosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="464" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjard6RDzAyibcJRzKJxYjP43oxNwDobF6R2LZg0zOWeN-L1HN8Rz2TxAg1YQsC8KxlvFlEfi3TZf-ZU7iLgwh_XQg2sfS3MnG0YF2ke0pWq0JvNT5BeGN4Zg9XuM1BcrilVOAujhp_quj8TtTrqwESJ96dZaWsUcLf3bZjBozTtWVvEaLXakj0hOheFA/w400-h290/Fantasia%20Stegosaurus.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 13.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1940 saw the next
prominent appearance of <i>Stegosaurus</i> in film with Walt Disney’s <i>Fantasia</i>,
</span><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/12/the-alien-prehistoric-world-trope-part.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">which I have already written about</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">. As is typical, the animal is presented as downright
lardy and ponderous when in a peaceful mood. Notably though, when locked in a
fight against a <i>T. rex </i>(which yes, is very anachronistic), the dinosaur
is shown being mobile and prominently uses its tail as a defensive weapon. As
far as I am aware, this scene is indeed the first time that <i>Stegosaurus</i>
is shown using its weapon in this fashion in any sort of media. This was in
fact the reason why <i>Stegosaurus</i> was used in this scene over <i>Triceratops</i>
(who was originally planned for it) because the animators were very excited at
the opportunity of finally showing this dinosaur using its natural weapons in
the way scientists thought it did at the time (Culhane 1983). One has to keep
in mind that the <i>Rite of Spring</i> segment of <i>Fantasia</i> was also
meant to be partially educational, at a time long before actual dinosaur
documentaries as we know them existed. </span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG_gqkq0Ayfq5nLdDbeSYS8aC5Xp5xGbG54Z_BUA6zcajAchExVLbZjyQvgmLGg1AWNQPf6vXyah5s2ZisdFbfeBPfJeoBdwviQHL4or1yX3oHzk6cGtbCcYvtLdnlLmylLZ8pr2IXL7iezy_X2Knm5CTGlAP1ZoRRO4MBuxeyW5TswgzevtmtzJQebA/s1600/Zallinger%20Stegosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1600" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG_gqkq0Ayfq5nLdDbeSYS8aC5Xp5xGbG54Z_BUA6zcajAchExVLbZjyQvgmLGg1AWNQPf6vXyah5s2ZisdFbfeBPfJeoBdwviQHL4or1yX3oHzk6cGtbCcYvtLdnlLmylLZ8pr2IXL7iezy_X2Knm5CTGlAP1ZoRRO4MBuxeyW5TswgzevtmtzJQebA/w640-h420/Zallinger%20Stegosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 14.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Excluding such
highlights, the general view of <i>Stegosaurus</i> from the 30s until
the early 70s was as the quintessential embodiment of everything “wrong” with
dinosaurs, as we can see here on the famous Zallinger mural from 1947: a large
mass of fat, muscle and armour, with barely a brain to control this bulk. Due
to the disproportion of the dinosaur’s limbs, it was usually interpreted as a
very awkward walker, with erect hindlegs and sprawled forelimbs, which made the
whole front-portion of the dinosaur low-slung. Together with the bizarre armour
and notions of phylogeronty (the idea that groups of animals could age like an
individual person and, when too long-lived, degenerate), <i>Stegosaurus</i> was
interpreted as a misshapen creature whose evolution had clearly invested in the
wrong traits and was then left directionless, destined for extinction.</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMert6oouAG2BlFQOx05Xx0R0IzvHXm7vSpdlBRftM9kW0fWu479pnA0g9t0GQQGrSdzOLljAOBlY0Wi06WVNIjBR4JwR4xm8v36qNIbhGHAKoPGVdIoKvuXqVgsbvctgx5BrBjJi8x_NmJ2gGjX971GayJVbQNtOWjaq_U_VnPPJpHzJpWPSdVvn-iA/s1600/Burian%20Stegosaurus.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1104" data-original-width="1600" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMert6oouAG2BlFQOx05Xx0R0IzvHXm7vSpdlBRftM9kW0fWu479pnA0g9t0GQQGrSdzOLljAOBlY0Wi06WVNIjBR4JwR4xm8v36qNIbhGHAKoPGVdIoKvuXqVgsbvctgx5BrBjJi8x_NmJ2gGjX971GayJVbQNtOWjaq_U_VnPPJpHzJpWPSdVvn-iA/w640-h442/Burian%20Stegosaurus.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 15.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A related view can be seen in the 50s with Czech paleontologist Josef Augusta’s
writings, wherein stegosaurs are described “<i>like living, impassable fortresses,
like armored battle vehicles of primevally wonderful construction </i>[…]” (Augusta
1957). Living in the Cold War environment behind the Iron Curtain, Augusta
seems to have been interested in the combative nature of the dinosaur. That this
militaristic description is immediately followed by Augusta perpetuating the
myth of <i>Stegosaurus</i> being so stupid that it needed two brains, paints this
interest, however, in a less glorifying light and might instead be viewed as
social commentary on the political environment at the time. This view of <i>Stegosaurus</i>,
a beast that invests too much in weaponry and is too stupid to even consider
other options (and is thus destined to fail), could easily be interpreted as a
caricature of the Soviet Union, the United States or even both at the time. The
images accompanying Augusta’s descriptions, made by none other than Zdeněk
Burian of course, are largely typical of the time. Unlike most artists before
him, though, Burian did pay a lot of attention to the fossil skull, even if,
like with Knight, the reconstruction ended up a bit too birdlike. As Zoe Lescaze
(2017) notes, depicting the dinosaur from behind was also a bold and unusual decision
at the time that showcases how confident Burian felt in his skills.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">Growing appreciation and some experimentation</span></b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKUHmCzoZCeBM4g-B7crJTdibmiMc0-hmxk3qhfkB9_6Cz-Wq6-BjT4YfYGX-0lFOPHXet_mKd6XAUrSRmGglUSCGLhFs6YkgLscbFG8Kx1pPNtgpYcggH_9qddbCd-Ct39JBrnRnGIJpPFLnp7iE-Rvm6TzPqVBc50MnQOcyofvYDvXD2K8wyl-z0wg/s1000/Halstead%20Stegosaurus%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="1000" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKUHmCzoZCeBM4g-B7crJTdibmiMc0-hmxk3qhfkB9_6Cz-Wq6-BjT4YfYGX-0lFOPHXet_mKd6XAUrSRmGglUSCGLhFs6YkgLscbFG8Kx1pPNtgpYcggH_9qddbCd-Ct39JBrnRnGIJpPFLnp7iE-Rvm6TzPqVBc50MnQOcyofvYDvXD2K8wyl-z0wg/w640-h277/Halstead%20Stegosaurus%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 16.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">With the beginning
of the 70s also began what we all know as the Dinosaur Renaissance. Renewed
fascination and appreciation for the terrible lizards made many researchers
reconsider their preconceived notions and this not only led to dinosaurs being
seen more as successful, metabolically active creatures, but also gave rise to
many quite unorthodox hypotheses about dinosaur anatomy, behaviour and
lifestyles. While <i>Stegosaurus</i> continued to be depicted as a rather
ponderous animal even during the early years of the Renaissance, its weird
features were already subject to new interpretations. The obvious point of
contention were again the backplates and the question if and how they could
have been used as defence. One of the first of such reinterpretations came in
1975 from a popular book by Beverly Halstead, illustrated by Giovanni Caselli.
Halstead not only reverts the arrangement of the plates back to a bilateral
one, but also opines that they stuck out to the sides like wings, as he thought
that in this position they would act a lot better to deter predators. This idea never
caught on, as in this position, there would likely not have been enough muscle-
and ligament-support to hold the plates in such a fashion and any theropod
smart and agile enough would have probably been able to simply bite the animal’s
flanks underneath the armor. To give credit where credit is due, Halstead was
also of the opinion that the front legs of <i>Stegosaurus</i> would have been
held erect like pillars, instead of bent like in earlier reconstructions, as
this makes the most structural sense for such a heavy animal. This idea would
go on to become consensus. </span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilCV2JlwohLzGvpXymnAPuFXYWwN9zerzmzDxnOB8GdlLr_6c9MWn1SrWrTsvktPt9omn54s4-B6ISm2s0IV3EGMXNOh8jCF-Fb5yj1qBy0ryJpXqUtP0y7u1-LKUT70RBCLQ5FcUfI2gadUsWlTno2YhY2MWIB58Sr2YCWqAr7300gM0vf4Q7eRMMcA/s1419/McLoughlin%20Stegoaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1419" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilCV2JlwohLzGvpXymnAPuFXYWwN9zerzmzDxnOB8GdlLr_6c9MWn1SrWrTsvktPt9omn54s4-B6ISm2s0IV3EGMXNOh8jCF-Fb5yj1qBy0ryJpXqUtP0y7u1-LKUT70RBCLQ5FcUfI2gadUsWlTno2YhY2MWIB58Sr2YCWqAr7300gM0vf4Q7eRMMcA/w640-h406/McLoughlin%20Stegoaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 17.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A year later,
Ronald Raul Ratkevich and his illustrator, <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/03/the-forgotten-john-c-mcloughlin-book.html">the
one and only John C. McLoughlin</a>, presented an interesting behavioural hypothesis.
While keeping the erect and chiral arrangement of the plates, they thought that
<i>Stegosaurus</i> defended itself by rolling up into a defensive wheel, the
plated back thus forming a spiked wall. This has also never caught on, as
theropods would have probably been smart enough to approach the stegowheel from
a convenient angle and bite right in the unprotected center. An interesting
detail regarding this reconstruction is that, as far as I am aware, it is the
only one that also shows the spikes on the tail as being arranged with
glide-symmetry. While an interesting thought, this does not seem to have been
the case in reality. Another interesting detail is that this is possibly the
first reconstruction since Frank Bond’s from 1899 that depicts <i>Stegosaurus</i>
as being capable of rearing up bipedally.</span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh00v43EdSTbyHjxjEzrKMV7ygWNLUPm3q3rMV1qmK5aScZ7s5Kf6MlH10zaVXhc9ckJUMbDVMZLJ5laO7TFIm_kY1j42yQWPxVLL5w3XyYrWwFvwc8p6dSqphfGOWO8ojFbutDJE9UZHeNfSSfAceqcZAqI5bASafH8YQ475hfLxgbTqdwCuY-DndSAQ/s600/Thagomizer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="474" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh00v43EdSTbyHjxjEzrKMV7ygWNLUPm3q3rMV1qmK5aScZ7s5Kf6MlH10zaVXhc9ckJUMbDVMZLJ5laO7TFIm_kY1j42yQWPxVLL5w3XyYrWwFvwc8p6dSqphfGOWO8ojFbutDJE9UZHeNfSSfAceqcZAqI5bASafH8YQ475hfLxgbTqdwCuY-DndSAQ/w316-h400/Thagomizer.jpg" width="316" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 18.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It would be a
disservice to not mention an unusual, though rather influential event in
stegosaur research, which is Gary Larson publishing this little comic in 1982.
Although merely a silly joke, ever since Kenneth Carpenter used it in a 1993
lecture, the term “thagomizer” has actually become a regular name used by many paleontologists
for the tail weapons of stegosaurs and even some other dinosaurs. The bones
they work with may be dry, but their humour certainly is not.</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSH5TLz-O2eybD-LkSjr5vBIInIVbLv9qKEh_IO4wn6en-9_xe2j-X-UpX0Zq45zR0ukFs0t8_G3lKyHXgjPpEFrYfFm8jXZ0vSvXMEFrAhhutcFgtQ-2JCR8KhMdYU3QXZn764OrXmA5EzY2ObhhZObEeyj0dg_wQuuCqBY2fJNHdMR1E1d8brkf0gw/s4032/Sibbick%20Stegosaurus%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSH5TLz-O2eybD-LkSjr5vBIInIVbLv9qKEh_IO4wn6en-9_xe2j-X-UpX0Zq45zR0ukFs0t8_G3lKyHXgjPpEFrYfFm8jXZ0vSvXMEFrAhhutcFgtQ-2JCR8KhMdYU3QXZn764OrXmA5EzY2ObhhZObEeyj0dg_wQuuCqBY2fJNHdMR1E1d8brkf0gw/w640-h480/Sibbick%20Stegosaurus%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 19.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Not everyone was
on board with the Dinosaur Renaissance and especially in popular books older
ideas and traditions of illustrations persisted, as showcased by this spread
from 1985’s <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs</i> by David Norman.
As is pretty obvious, Norman’s skeletal here is basically the same as the one
Marsh drew in 1891, just with the plates updated. Despite its often
anachronistic nature, the “Normanpedia” would nevertheless go on to be quite
popular and influential among younger readers, thanks to John Sibbick’s
colorful life reconstructions. Thus the vision of ponderous <i>Stegosaurus </i>still lived on in the popular mind. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja-ifTK7ES6U9UI0Ouv8HmDjr5ge2Ah5MI5Kc7kPfrKHwzE95HxunHHbQbuikJCdxSL8QXThnsoNNvP5Wv_N-gsh0ohM-0nwI-z5EOTgQ_yGjpLaY2XKRKDOS7lkPy8YuQ0VLta1r8igqd1dviY3xsWbjUiXHq8wv6xwHQxH17Vj8DqvHkEYFgc7WMgw/s673/Bakker%20Stegosaurus%207.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="673" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja-ifTK7ES6U9UI0Ouv8HmDjr5ge2Ah5MI5Kc7kPfrKHwzE95HxunHHbQbuikJCdxSL8QXThnsoNNvP5Wv_N-gsh0ohM-0nwI-z5EOTgQ_yGjpLaY2XKRKDOS7lkPy8YuQ0VLta1r8igqd1dviY3xsWbjUiXHq8wv6xwHQxH17Vj8DqvHkEYFgc7WMgw/w400-h254/Bakker%20Stegosaurus%207.PNG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdwTYjCcI-ZKvt6uZXelmGwMWnK4fa2LgnbHOIGMPPQYdENwJH2-p3cGc7cE72R-PGeC5Dx30-9ZWgdY-sx3eCiS6-3nUB9uYdRrkPf-Rk6qqAPx8h45zQRKzLQ1lNdrd0BibEb2JgKk6Rh62ggXs9wHrxo6RtiXD2Z8y8nYq34PRfWvG1MXWSRVbsbw/s661/Bakker%20Stegosaurus%208.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="649" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdwTYjCcI-ZKvt6uZXelmGwMWnK4fa2LgnbHOIGMPPQYdENwJH2-p3cGc7cE72R-PGeC5Dx30-9ZWgdY-sx3eCiS6-3nUB9uYdRrkPf-Rk6qqAPx8h45zQRKzLQ1lNdrd0BibEb2JgKk6Rh62ggXs9wHrxo6RtiXD2Z8y8nYq34PRfWvG1MXWSRVbsbw/w393-h400/Bakker%20Stegosaurus%208.PNG" width="393" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLFPwoAk9honFzVKyHkYdmYwqP-GP20OetU8D66MZ1A6AaJPnTDhpZybcg05zoMvt48FFJJYeMEAF2F_QydXukaJVyurBM6zaNBvAiEknT0UFg4d6EcMA2sbxHJF271LCWvSAjSKIu2fFBxldlYZc2ze-K-A9XcIFDZm60s3sqNQ1NqJv3P5p--U4yrA/s1011/Bakker%20Stegosaurus%206.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="1011" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLFPwoAk9honFzVKyHkYdmYwqP-GP20OetU8D66MZ1A6AaJPnTDhpZybcg05zoMvt48FFJJYeMEAF2F_QydXukaJVyurBM6zaNBvAiEknT0UFg4d6EcMA2sbxHJF271LCWvSAjSKIu2fFBxldlYZc2ze-K-A9XcIFDZm60s3sqNQ1NqJv3P5p--U4yrA/w400-h278/Bakker%20Stegosaurus%206.PNG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVWmBv3VuTBAWcvlTr9loxW7lCRAsPcl8jEbp8qhclMoJDyXj1mEhEGNl9ranyvRUs-ZhAj7CpcmFz9NGkY1S0KqgvaEKxKR22EpAHLUytFooZqLp2_n2nCB_M5YQ0jDwUq4ILCd7OSZBQHYr_TvCglGczYOG2AuvOh9uda8vsLbWBbaSD_Kq66zvWPQ/s656/Bakker%20Stegosaurus%209.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="624" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVWmBv3VuTBAWcvlTr9loxW7lCRAsPcl8jEbp8qhclMoJDyXj1mEhEGNl9ranyvRUs-ZhAj7CpcmFz9NGkY1S0KqgvaEKxKR22EpAHLUytFooZqLp2_n2nCB_M5YQ0jDwUq4ILCd7OSZBQHYr_TvCglGczYOG2AuvOh9uda8vsLbWBbaSD_Kq66zvWPQ/w380-h400/Bakker%20Stegosaurus%209.PNG" width="380" /></a></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><p></p><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 20.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The next year saw
the landmark release of Robert Bakker’s <i>The Dinosaur Heresies</i>, where
Bakker gave the animal the full Renaissance treatment. Bakker insisted, like
Halstead, that <i>Stegosaurus</i> walked with erect front legs, but also that
the animal’s shoulder bones could move independently from the ribcage, as in
mammals, giving it more flexibility and making it a more efficient quadruped. Bakker
furthermore reinforced the idea that <i>Stegosaurus</i> actively used its tail
as a weapon, as the tail, unlike in other ornithischians, lacked ossified
tendons, giving it far greater flexibility. The mismatch in length between the
hind and front limbs also gave the animal a great ability to quickly circle
its behind in the direction of an attacker. These are all ideas still very much
supported today (in part because we have actually found thagomizer-spikes
deeply imbedded in the bones of allosaurs). However, Bakker also had some ideas
that still seem unorthodox today. I already wrote about his hypothesis that <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2019/11/whatever-happened-to-kangaroo-kicking.html">stegosaurs
regularly reared up on two legs</a> to browse on tall plants. Stegosaurs being
facultative bipeds is actually supported today by trace fossils called <i>Garbina</i>
from Early Cretaceous Australia (Salisbury et al. 2016). Another interesting
idea of Bakker’s, unintentionally echoing Ballou, was that the dinosaur could
independently move its plates into a defensive position when threatened thanks
to muscles attached at the bases. <a href="https://youtu.be/dPcKc3rn6ps">Although
once prominently featured in a popular 90s documentary</a>, this has also never
caught on, likely because there is not much evidence for such muscle attachments.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuUD2B_XiwwnmDvlWYl059X6M99jh7-KSkWOnCfvuDeArvAE07sLoDYQnxbB62QxiG33hchItGAHuzpwx46htnGWt1o86TEP4XubybPwf1qIt4vkY_yJyhzZILNUpx4KiE_v2NcqlhHK-o8oYzLLwaO8mybRl3em80QukuqDKRP-IvUdQFYlOs5el3ng/s4032/Paul%20Stegosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuUD2B_XiwwnmDvlWYl059X6M99jh7-KSkWOnCfvuDeArvAE07sLoDYQnxbB62QxiG33hchItGAHuzpwx46htnGWt1o86TEP4XubybPwf1qIt4vkY_yJyhzZILNUpx4KiE_v2NcqlhHK-o8oYzLLwaO8mybRl3em80QukuqDKRP-IvUdQFYlOs5el3ng/w480-h640/Paul%20Stegosaurus.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 21.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The end-point of
the Renaissance-era developments could perhaps be represented by this skeletal
from 2010 by Gregory S. Paul. While the weirder ideas from the 70s and 80s have
not persisted, the dinosaur has still undergone many updates compared to older
reconstructions. The tail and head are now held clearly above the ground and
the dinosaur strides on erect legs. Paul also bothered to include the fact that
<i>Stegosaurus</i> actually had throat armour made of smaller ossicles,
something actually known since the discovery of the <i>S. stenops</i> type
specimen. Paul has also covered the plates in keratin sheaths, something which
was confirmed by skin impressions from close relative <i><a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2022/04/behind-scenes-of-sauriermuseum-with.html">Hesperosaurus</a>
</i>(Christiansen & Tschopp). In general, it was however still a bizarrely
proportioned animal, which was soon about to change.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">New girl, new times</span></b></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5ftEPOyHUnLscxQm_0iNB0EzE2oaEMWrR4V3eF5qT0FH5RWzja8sgV8qYFYhIuOFZevfqILqq-MwBRaAFYhkdXJVtsPaoCcXhfTCf4TG8zF4zJ6mK5ii9J9xEQLeh3838kRiOsusOz4sehxtHdsDxJSfEr6-cGUt7L78kReyIJ1zyfprJJirCcZWeeg/s1500/Hartman%20Stegosaurus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5ftEPOyHUnLscxQm_0iNB0EzE2oaEMWrR4V3eF5qT0FH5RWzja8sgV8qYFYhIuOFZevfqILqq-MwBRaAFYhkdXJVtsPaoCcXhfTCf4TG8zF4zJ6mK5ii9J9xEQLeh3838kRiOsusOz4sehxtHdsDxJSfEr6-cGUt7L78kReyIJ1zyfprJJirCcZWeeg/w640-h480/Hartman%20Stegosaurus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 22.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Since Marsh’s first
description of the order Stegosauria, many new species related to <i>Stegosaurus</i>
had been found all around the world, such as <i>Kentrosaurus</i>, <i>Dacentrurus</i>,
<i>Huayangosaurus</i>, <i>Miragaia</i>, <i>Hesperosaurus</i> and the deceptively
named <i>Gigantspinosaurus</i>. These revealed a rather surprising thing, which
was that the genus <i>Stegosaurus</i>, despite giving the whole group its name,
was actually a quite unusual stegosaur. Most other stegosaurs did not have a such dramatic limb proportions, had dorsal spikes in addition to plates, prominent
shoulder-spikes, long necks and in general long-stretched bodies. One thing
that someone had to consider, however, was that up until the 2010s nearly all skeletals
of <i>Stegosaurus</i>, including the one by Paul from before, were composites
of multiple individuals, as most specimens were either not completely preserved
or were hard to access for such skeletal reconstructions. The last complete
description of the genus was also all the way back in 1914 by Charles Gilmore. This
all changed in 2015 with the description of “Sophie” (SMA RCR0603/</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">NHMUK PV R36730), a specimen of <i>Stegosaurus stenops</i>.
Sophie was originally discovered in 2003 in the Red Canyon Quarry and excavated
by the team from <a href="https://www.manospondylus.com/2021/07/visiting-sauriermuseum-aathal-part-1.html">the
Swiss Sauriermuseum</a>. Sophie is the most complete <i>Stegosaurus </i>skeleton
known to date and has given many new insights into the actual anatomy of the
genus. Most importantly, the skeleton shows that <i>Stegosaurus</i> was not actually
all that different from other stegosaurs, as we can see here in Scott Hartman’s
skeletal from 2016, based on Sophie. The difference in length between the limbs
is not as pronounced as was once assumed, the spine is more evenly horizontal,
the chest is shallower and the neck is longer. Though more similar now to its brethren,
<i>Stegosaurus</i> still has some unique traits, such as the lack of shoulder
spikes (except for <i>S. sulcatus</i>) and the plates running all the way from
the head to the tail tip. It also remains the largest member of the
Stegosauria.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This is highly
unlikely to have been the last chapter of <i>Stegosaurus’</i> history. The only
constant, not just in nature but also science, is change, and there still remain
many questions regarding this peculiar creature from so long ago, more removed
in time from <i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i> than is humanity. Were the plates just
there for display or were they really used in defence? Did <i>Stegosaurus</i>
eat from tall plants or was it a low browser? Did it have a low bite force and
only ate the softest plant parts or had it a tougher diet? Is the gradual
extinction of stegosaurs linked to sinking cycad-populations? Did some
stegosaurs survive in India until the End Cretaceous? What were its facial
tissues like? Did the beak extend all around the rims of the jaw or did it have
lips and cheeks? What colours did it have? Did it care for its young or live in
herds? How did it interact with other herbivorous dinosaurs? Is the small size
of the brain really indicative of exceptionally low intelligence? How many <i>Stegosaurus</i>
species are there really? These are all questions that
remain open or are at the very least highly debated. Some may be answered in
the future, some may be not. What is sure is that <i>Stegosaurus</i> is and
will remain an icon of fascination, even in the (highly improbable but not impossible) case that Hartman's reconstruction will one day be as ridiculed as Jobin's is today.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If you liked
this and other articles, please consider supporting me on Patreon. I am
thankful for any amount, even if it is just 1$, as it will help me at dedicating
more time to this blog and related projects. Patrons also gain early access to
the draft-versions of these posts.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Related Posts:</span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">References:</span></b></p>
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S. 179–81.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Marsh, Othniel
Charles: The Dinosaurs of North America, in: Annual Report of the US Geological
Survey, 16, 1896, S. 135 - 415.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Paul, Gregory
Scott: The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton 2010 (2. Edition
2016).</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ratkevich, Ronald
Raul: Dinosaurs of the Southwest, Albuquerque 1976, S. 56.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Revan, Ariel:
Reconstructing an Icon. Historical Significance of the Peabody’s Mounted
Skeleton of Stegosaurus and the Changes Necessary to Make It Correct
Anatomically. (Bachelorarbeit Yale University, 2011).</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Salisbury, Steven;
Romilio, Anthony; Herne, Matthew; Tucker, Ryan; Nair, Jay: The Dinosaurian
Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valangian-Barremian) Broome Sandstone of
the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia,
in: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36, 2016, p. 1 – 152.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Volpe, Rosemary:
The Age of Reptiles. The Art and Science of Rudolph Zallinger’s Great Dinosaur
Mural at Yale, New Haven 2007.</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Online
Sources/Further Reading:</span></b></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a name="_Hlk107068528"></a><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26086397.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ae1eefc1dbe8772100b14bab180a27b0b&ab_segments=&origin="><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk107068528;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Dinosaurs,
in: Scientific American, 51, 29. November 1884.</span></span></a></li><li><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk107068528;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://youtu.be/i5cXQj80PxM">PBS' The Dinosaurs</a> from 1992 (part 1 of 4)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk107068528;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk107068528;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://youtu.be/C8Dc_QKgcJQ">Sophie the Stegosaurus: Your Dinosaurs Are
Wrong Synapisode #1</a></span></li><li><a name="_Hlk107069383"></a><a href="https://www.skeletaldrawing.com/ornithiscians/stegosaurus"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk107069383;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Scott
Hartman's website</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk107069383;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk107069383;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Image
sources:</span></b></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 1: <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26086397.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ae1eefc1dbe8772100b14bab180a27b0b&ab_segments=&origin=">Dinosaurs,
in: Scientific American, 51, 29. November 1884.</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 2: Marsh
1891.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 3: Revan
2011.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 4 – 7:
Gilmore 1914. </span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 8 – 10:
Gilmore 1919.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 11: Ballou 1920.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 12: King Kong,
copyright by RKO Pictures.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 13: Fantasia,
copyright by Walt Disney Pictures.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 14: Volpe
2007, foldout.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 15: Augusta
1956.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 16: Halstead
1975, p. 63.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 17: Ratkevich
1976, p. 56.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 18: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thagomizer.png">Wikimedia</a></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 19: Norman
1985, p. 154.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 20: Bakker 1986.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 21: Paul 2010
(2016), p. 249.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Fig. 22: <a href="https://www.skeletaldrawing.com/ornithiscians/stegosaurus">Scott
Hartman's website</a></span></li></ul><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
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<![endif]--></p>T.K. Sivginhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01719600818183559916noreply@blogger.com8